Afleveringen
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Nick Cressy and Josh Muri join us to share two amazing WWII B-26 Marauder stories from WWII.
On June 4, 1942, during the pivotal Battle of Midway, Josh’s grandfather Lt. James P. Muri piloted “Susie-Q,” into history with an audacious attack on the Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi. Muri and his crew were part of a daring mission to halt the Japanese fleet’s advance toward Midway Atoll. Their objective: deliver a torpedo strike against the heart of the enemy force.
Muri’s bomber, one of four launched from Midway Island, faced relentless fire from Japanese fighter planes and naval guns. Hit multiple times, the aircraft sustained significant damage, and three crew members were wounded. Undeterred, Muri pressed on, releasing a torpedo aimed at the Akagi. To evade the intense enemy fire, Muri took the extraordinary step of flying his damaged bomber directly down the Akagi’s flight deck, barely skimming the surface of the ship. This low-level maneuver minimized the exposure of his plane to anti-aircraft fire and swarming Zero fighters.
The Susie-Q returned to Midway Island, riddled with over 500 bullet holes, yet miraculously intact. Muri’s actions not only saved his crew but also disrupted Japanese Admiral Nagumo’s battle strategy. This moment proved critical in setting the stage for the American victory at Midway, a turning point in the Pacific Theater of World War II.
Muri and his crew received the Distinguished Service Cross for their bravery. His feat was immortalized in Lonnie Bell’s song “Midway” and honored decades later with the Jimmy Doolittle Award. After his military service, Muri lived a quiet life in Montana, passing away in 2013 at age 93.
Nick Cressy’s uncle, Staff Sergent Nick Bentas, was an engineer/top turret gunner served first in the Mediterranean flying from Sardinia then Corsica and then Dijon France on missions to Italy, France and Germany. They supported the invasion of Southern France and transferred to support the 7th Army. On a mission on 19 January 1945, his plane lost the right engine and crashed outside Fontain France, killing the crew. Nick captures the story in his book, Back from 44: The Sacrifice and Courage of a Few – A Story of Heroism in the Skies Over Western Europe.
The B-26 Marauder, the aircraft flown by Muri, became renowned for its versatility and durability. Known for its low loss rates, the B-26 flew more than 110,000 sorties during the war, dropping 150,000 tons of bombs. Despite its early deployment challenges, the Marauder earned a distinguished record in Allied operations.
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World War II historians Colin Heaton and Marilyn Walton join us to share remarkable stories of courage, mercy, and humanity on the part of those who fought on the other side, the Axis powers of Germany and Japan.
Stories include:
Captain Werner Hartenstein: On September 12, 1942, the German submarine U-156, commanded by Hartenstein, torpedoed the British RMS Laconia in the Atlantic. The Laconia, a military target, carried British troops, Italian POWs, and civilians, including women and children. Upon discovering Italian POWs and civilians among the survivors, Hartenstein defied the “No Rescue Order,” prohibiting aid to shipwreck victims. He ordered his crew to rescue many survivors, taking over 200 aboard U-156 and using towlines to connect to lifeboats. A Red Cross flag was raised, and he broadcast a message to Allied forces asking for help, promising not to attack rescue vessels. However, an American B-24 bomber attacked U-156, forcing Hartenstein to stop the rescue. Survivors were transferred to other German U-boats, and eventually some were collected by a Vichy French cruiser. U-156 resumed patrols, leaving many survivors in lifeboats, leading to the “Laconia Order,” which prohibited future rescue attempts.
Hartenstein is remembered for his humanity in a brutal conflict. He prioritized rescuing women, children, and Italians, showing concern for all survivors. His actions stood out in a war marked by atrocities, offering a rare glimpse of empathy from a German officer. Hartenstein’s rescue effort symbolized the potential for humanity, even amid harsh realities of war.
Hans-Joachim Marseille: The story of Marseille, known as the “Star of Africa,” is one of remarkable skill and complex morality. Born in 1919 in Berlin, Marseille was a talented pilot but had a rebellious nature. He gained fame during the Battle of Britain for his aerial combat skills and later matured under Captain Eduard Neumann in North Africa. Marseille developed tactics that earned respect and was known for his compassion, often risking his life to notify Allied forces about downed pilots. His defiance of Nazi commands and sympathy for Jews caused tension within the military. Despite his fierce skill that made him a propoganda figure, he subtly showed disdain for Nazi principles. Marseille died tragically at 22 in an accident, leaving a legacy as a complex, legendary figure.
Irv Baum
Saburo Sakai: Sakai was a renowned Japanese ace known for his honorable conduct. He refrained from unnecessary killings and spared enemies when possible. After the war, he disapproved of Japan’s wartime propaganda and sought accountability for war crimes, ultimately becoming a pariah in Japan but gaining respect from former enemies. His contributions to reconciliation were not fully acknowledged in his own country.
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Zijn er afleveringen die ontbreken?
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Navy veteran and photographer Richard Sherman joins us with former US Secretary of the American Battle Monuments Commission, Maj. Gen. Bill Matz, to talk about his new book, Never Home: Remembering the Military Heroes Who Never Returned.
The book presents a deeply moving tribute to the American soldiers who rest in the 23 overseas military cemeteries from World War I and World War II. This work, the culmination of eight trips across five years and three continents, is both a historical document and a poignant meditation on sacrifice.
Sherman’s book is structured into three interconnected sections. The first showcases sweeping architectural photographs that capture the solemn grandeur and meticulous design of these memorial grounds. His lens balances the monumental—the vast seas of white crosses—with intimate and unexpected moments, like a craftsman engraving a headstone. These images provide a visual narrative of loss and commemoration, resonating with both technical precision and emotional depth.
The second section delves into over 59 biographical portraits, meticulously researched and vividly presented. Sherman highlights a diverse array of individuals, including Medal of Honor recipients, siblings who served together, nurses, chaplains, and civilian specialists. Drawing from personal letters, family photos, and historical accounts, he transforms these names and dates into poignant human stories. The biographical sketches offer readers a glimpse into the lives and sacrifices of these individuals, bridging the gap between history and humanity.
The final section, titled “Taps,” serves as a photographic meditation, reflecting on the enduring significance of these sacred spaces. Sherman allows his photographs to speak volumes, with text appearing sparingly to enhance rather than overshadow the imagery. His approach underscores the power of visual storytelling, allowing readers to engage with the material on an emotional level.
Though the repetition of certain images, such as rows of crosses, may feel redundant at times, it serves as a reminder of the scale of sacrifice. This minor flaw is overshadowed by the book’s heartfelt presentation and the depth of its content.
Never Home is a profound exploration of the human cost of war and a testament to the enduring legacy of those who gave their lives in service. It will resonate deeply with military families, history enthusiasts, and anyone seeking to understand the personal and collective impact of war.
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Our friend from St Lucia and creator of the WWII Log Book Project, Nick Devaux, joins us to talk about a truly forgotten front of World War II, the Caribbean Basin.
During World War II, the Caribbean played a significant but often overlooked role in the broader conflict. Its strategic position made it a critical area for military operations.
The Caribbean bordered vital sea lanes connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Panama Canal, as well as shipping routes between the Americas and Europe. These routes were essential for transporting troops, raw materials, and supplies. The Axis powers, particularly Germany, targeted the Caribbean to disrupt Allied supply chains. German U-boats operated extensively in the region, attacking merchant ships and tankers carrying oil from Venezuelan and Trinidadian refineries to Allied forces. The Battle of the Caribbean, as this campaign became known, resulted in significant losses for Allied shipping.
Oil production in the Caribbean was another critical factor. The region’s refineries, especially those in Aruba, Curaçao, and Trinidad, were among the largest in the world. Protecting these installations from Axis attacks became a top priority. The United States established military bases in several Caribbean territories, including Trinidad, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas, to guard refineries and shipping lanes. The British also strengthened defenses in their colonies, recognizing the importance of these assets to the war effort.
To secure the region, the Allies implemented agreements with local governments, many of which were colonial administrations under British, Dutch, or French control. The 1940 Destroyers-for-Bases Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom allowed the U.S. to build military bases in British territories, providing critical infrastructure for anti-submarine warfare and air reconnaissance. These bases included significant facilities in Antigua, St. Lucia, and Jamaica.
The presence of American and British military personnel brought cultural influences and new ideas, fostering aspirations for greater political autonomy among Caribbean populations. Many Caribbean men who served in the armed forces or worked abroad during the war returned with heightened expectations for social and economic progress, contributing to postwar movements for independence and self-governance. In colonies like Trinidad and Jamaica, these changes helped lay the groundwork for decolonization in the following decades.
The Caribbean’s civilian population endured hardships during the war. German submarine activity disrupted trade, leading to shortages of food and essential goods. Rationing became widespread, and fears of invasion or sabotage created an atmosphere of uncertainty. In some areas, blackouts and other security measures were implemented to protect against potential attacks. Despite these challenges, Caribbean civilians contributed to the war effort through fundraising, volunteering, and production of war materials.
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We discuss the experiences of German POWS held during World War II in the United States with Carole Popchock and others who have researched and written about the subject.
During World War II, the United States became home to over 400,000 German prisoners of war (POWs) held in camps across the country. The influx of these POWs began in 1943, as the Allies gained the upper hand in North Africa and Europe, capturing large numbers of German soldiers. By the war’s end in 1945, approximately 511 camps had been established in 45 states, with the largest populations concentrated in Texas, California, and the Midwest. The decision to house these POWs on American soil was driven by logistical necessity and international agreements.
The Geneva Conventions of 1929 established guidelines for the treatment of POWs, including adequate shelter, food, and the opportunity to engage in productive work. The U.S. government sought to adhere to these standards, though the experiences of POWs varied significantly depending on the location and management of individual camps. Many camps were located near military bases or in rural areas where labor shortages provided opportunities for POWs to work.
The prisoners’ daily lives revolved around routines designed to maintain order and provide meaningful activity. Work assignments were a central feature, as the U.S. faced labor shortages due to the war. German POWs were employed in agriculture, forestry, construction, and other industries. In many cases, they replaced American workers who had joined the armed forces. The Geneva Conventions prohibited forced labor directly related to the war effort, so prisoners were not assigned tasks such as manufacturing weapons. Instead, they performed essential civilian work, often for private employers who paid the U.S. government for their labor. The prisoners themselves received a small stipend, which they could use to purchase goods at camp canteens.
Housing conditions in the camps ranged from basic to relatively comfortable. Most camps consisted of barracks surrounded by fences and guard towers. Inside the barracks, prisoners slept in bunk beds and had access to communal facilities such as dining halls and recreation areas. The quality of food provided to the prisoners was often better than what they had experienced in the German military, which led to some complaints from American civilians who were dealing with wartime rationing.
Education and cultural activities were encouraged within the camps. Many prisoners took advantage of classes in English, mathematics, and other subjects, while others participated in theatrical productions, musical performances, and sports. Religious services were also provided, with chaplains assigned to cater to the prisoners’ spiritual needs. These activities helped maintain morale and occupied the prisoners’ time, reducing the likelihood of unrest.
Relations between the POWs and the local American communities were complex. In some cases, prisoners worked alongside civilians, fostering a level of mutual understanding and even friendship. Some German POWs were invited into American homes for meals or holidays, particularly in rural areas where their labor had a significant impact on the local economy. However, there were also instances of hostility and suspicion, especially in areas with strong anti-German sentiment. Security concerns occasionally arose, but escapes were rare and typically nonviolent. Most escapees were recaptured quickly, as they faced significant challenges blending into American society.
The ideological diversity among the prisoners was a source of tension within the camps. Some German soldiers were staunch Nazis, while others were apolitical or opposed to Hitler’s regime. To prevent Nazi indoctrination or coercion within the camps, the U.S. authorities monitored prisoner activities and separated known Nazi loyalists from others when possible. Re-education programs were introduced late in the war, aiming to expose prisoners to democratic values and counteract Nazi propaganda. These programs had varying degrees of success, but they marked an early effort at postwar reconciliation.
As the war ended in 1945, the process of repatriating German POWs began.
The presence of German POWs in the United States during World War II offers a unique lens through which to examine the broader dynamics of war and humanity. Despite the underlying conflict, the treatment of these prisoners demonstrated an effort to uphold international norms and maintain a degree of civility amidst the chaos of war. The legacy of these camps is a testament to the complexities of war, where adversaries could find moments of shared understanding and human connection.
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On its 80th anniversary, we discuss the Battle of the Bulge, fought between December 16, 1944, and January 25, 1945. It was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by American forces during World War II. It also represented Nazi Germany’s last major offensive on the Western Front, a desperate bid to reverse the Allies’ advance toward Germany.
By late 1944, the tide of World War II had definitively turned against Germany. The Allies had stormed ashore in Normandy in June, pushing through France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, while Soviet forces were steadily advancing from the east. Despite these setbacks, Adolf Hitler refused to concede defeat. Instead, he conceived a bold and highly ambitious plan to strike at the Allies’ weakest point, drive a wedge between their armies, and force them to the negotiating table.
Hitler’s strategy, codenamed Wacht am Rhein (Watch on the Rhine), aimed to exploit what he perceived as vulnerabilities in the Allied lines. The Ardennes region of Belgium and Luxembourg, a densely forested area of rolling hills, was held by a mix of battle-worn and inexperienced American units. Hitler believed that a surprise attack here could achieve a breakthrough, allowing his forces to drive westward to Antwerp. Capturing this crucial port city would sever Allied supply lines, split the British and American armies, and potentially lead to a repeat of Dunkirk, where British forces had been forced to evacuate across the Channel in 1940.
The offensive required immense resources, but by late 1944, Germany’s ability to sustain its war effort was crumbling. Nonetheless, the Nazi regime undertook Herculean efforts to assemble a formidable strike force. Over 250,000 troops were mobilized for the attack, including 12 newly formed Volksgrenadier (People’s Grenadier) divisions. These divisions were cobbled together from conscripts, Luftwaffe ground crews, and naval personnel, with a heavy reliance on older men and teenagers. Although understrength, these units were bolstered by significant firepower, including machine guns, mortars, and Panzerfaust anti-tank weapons.
Despite assembling such a force, the Germans faced profound logistical challenges. The Wehrmacht was critically short of fuel, ammunition, and bridging equipment, which would prove disastrous during the offensive. Moreover, the plan itself was overly ambitious. It called for German forces to cross eight rivers, reach the Meuse within three days, and secure Antwerp within a week—an objective that even optimistic commanders deemed unattainable.
The German offensive began in the early hours of December 16, 1944, with a massive artillery barrage along an 85-mile front. Under the cover of darkness and poor weather, German infantry advanced rapidly, overwhelming thinly stretched American defenses. The element of surprise was critical; many American units were caught off guard, and chaos ensued as German Panzers pushed deep into Allied territory.
Despite initial gains, the Germans soon encountered significant resistance. American troops, though initially outnumbered and disorganized, regrouped and fought tenaciously. Strategic locations such as St. Vith and Bastogne became focal points of the battle. At St. Vith, American forces delayed the German advance for several days, buying precious time for reinforcements to arrive. Meanwhile, Bastogne, a key road junction, became the site of a heroic defense by the 101st Airborne Division, who held the town against overwhelming odds until relieved by General Patton’s Third Army.
The Battle of the Bulge was a catastrophic defeat for Germany. The Wehrmacht suffered over 100,000 casualties, including many of its best remaining troops and officers. It also lost irreplaceable equipment, including over 600 tanks and 1,000 aircraft. These losses effectively crippled Germany’s ability to mount further large-scale offensives, hastening the collapse of the Third Reich.
For the Allies, the battle underscored their logistical and material superiority. Despite suffering nearly 90,000 casualties, the Allied forces demonstrated remarkable resilience and coordination. The ability to mobilize reinforcements rapidly and utilize airpower effectively were decisive factors in their victory.
#wwiihistory #usmilitary #veterans #history #trivia #ww2 #usarmy #uscoastguard #veteranshistory #usveterans #marines #usairforce #militaryhistory #usnavy
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Glenn Flickinger welcomes three leading experts on the finest medium range bomber in history, the B-26 Marauder that fought in World War II and was adopted by Allied forces the world over. Josh Muri, Nick Cressy, and Ron Bolesta from the B-26 Marauder Historical Society join us to talk about the history of an aircraft renowned for its speed, versatility, and resilience.
Designed and built by the Glenn L. Martin Company, the B-26 made its maiden flight on November 25, 1940, and quickly became an essential tool in the Allied air arsenal. Its development, operational history, and contributions to the war effort offer a fascinating glimpse into the technological and strategic advancements of the time.
The B-26 was developed in response to a 1939 Army Air Corps specification for a high-speed medium bomber capable of delivering a significant payload over a long range. The Martin Company responded with an innovative design featuring a sleek, streamlined fuselage, tricycle landing gear, and powerful Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial engines. These engines gave the aircraft a top speed of over 300 mph, which was exceptionally fast for a bomber at the time. The Marauder’s speed, combined with its ability to carry up to 4,000 pounds of bombs, made it an attractive option for the Army Air Corps, which awarded Martin the contract before the prototype had even flown.
The B-26’s innovative design, however, came with challenges. Its short, high-wing configuration and high wing loading—a result of its relatively small wingspan and powerful engines—gave the aircraft demanding flight characteristics. Early models required higher takeoff and landing speeds than many pilots were accustomed to, leading to a spate of accidents during training. This earned the B-26 the nicknames “Widowmaker” and “Flying Prostitute” (the latter a sardonic reference to the fact that it supposedly had no visible means of support). However, modifications to the aircraft, such as lengthening the wings and increasing the size of the tailplane, improved its handling.
By mid-1942, the aircraft was deployed to the European theater, where it became a workhorse for the U.S. Army Air Forces’ Ninth Air Force. In Europe, the B-26 excelled in tactical bombing missions, attacking enemy rail yards, bridges, supply depots, and other infrastructure critical to the German war effort.
One of the Marauder’s most significant contributions to the war came during the lead-up to D-Day. From early 1944 onward, B-26 crews flew countless sorties as part of the Allied campaign to cripple German defenses in France. They targeted bridges, rail networks, and fortifications with remarkable precision, thanks to improved Norden bomb sights and a growing cadre of experienced pilots. On D-Day itself, B-26 squadrons provided close air support for the Allied landings, striking German positions near the beaches to soften resistance for the advancing troops.
Despite its rocky start, the B-26 developed a reputation for durability and survivability. By the end of the war, it had the lowest loss rate of any Allied bomber, a testament to its robust construction and the skill of its crews. The aircraft was heavily armed for its size, typically featuring up to 13 .50 caliber machine guns for defense, making it a tough target for enemy fighters.
By the end of World War II, over 5,200 B-26 Marauders had been produced. Although the aircraft was retired from front-line service soon after the war, its legacy endured. The lessons learned from its design and operation influenced subsequent generations of medium bombers, including the North American B-25 Mitchell and later jet-powered aircraft.
The B-26 Marauder stands as a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of those who designed, built, and flew it. Despite its early difficulties, it became one of the most effective medium bombers of the war, contributing significantly to the Allied victory. Its speed, precision, and survivability set it apart from its contemporaries and earned it a lasting place in aviation history.
#wwiihistory #usmilitary #veterans #history #trivia #ww2 #usarmy #uscoastguard #veteranshistory #usveterans #marines #usairforce #militaryhistory #usnavy
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How the 100th went from perhaps the worst bomber group to the best bomber group. Why did it have a discipline problem in 1943? Who made the changes that improved the BG performance? Join Glenn in his interview with Heather Thies of the National Museum of the Mighty Eight, Nancy Putman, and John "Lucky" Luckadoo.
Stationed at Thorpe Abbotts in England, the group flew the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress as part of the 8th Air Force, conducting strategic bombing missions over Nazi-occupied Europe. Their nickname stemmed from the extraordinarily high casualties they sustained during some of the war’s most dangerous missions. Despite these losses, the 100th Bomb Group played a crucial role in the air campaign to cripple Germany’s war machine.
The group began combat operations in June 1943, targeting key industrial and military sites in France and Germany. Early missions revealed the dangers of daylight precision bombing, and the 100th often faced fierce resistance from German Luftwaffe fighters and anti-aircraft defenses. The group suffered especially heavy losses during missions to Bremen, Münster, and Schweinfurt, where entire formations were sometimes annihilated. These sacrifices cemented their reputation as one of the most daring but ill-fated bomber units, giving rise to their enduring moniker.
Among the group’s notable members was Harry Crosby, a lead navigator whose experiences offer a deeply personal perspective on the air war. In his memoir, A Wing and a Prayer: The “Bloody 100th” Bomb Group of the U.S. Eighth Air Force in Action over Europe in World War II, Crosby recounts the harrowing missions and extraordinary courage of his comrades. His vivid descriptions capture the chaos of combat, the constant threat of death, and the camaraderie that sustained the men during their darkest hours. Crosby’s navigation skills were critical to the group’s success, helping to guide bombers through perilous skies to their targets and safely back to base.
Despite the staggering losses, the 100th Bomb Group’s resilience never wavered. They participated in pivotal operations such as the bombing campaign during D-Day and attacks on German oil refineries, transportation hubs, and other strategic targets. By the end of the war, their contributions had significantly undermined Germany’s industrial capacity and military infrastructure.
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Tonight, on the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest, we discuss one of the longest and bloodiest battles fought by American forces in Europe during World War II.
Taking place from September 1944 to February 1945, this battle unfolded in the dense Hürtgen Forest, located near the German-Belgian border in western Germany. The battle was fought between the United States Army and German Wehrmacht forces, who defended the area with entrenched positions and heavily fortified defenses. The operation was initially intended to support the Allied advance into Germany but became one of the most grueling and costly campaigns for the American military.
The Hürtgen Forest spans about 50 square miles and consists of steep, rugged terrain and thick woods that severely restricted visibility and movement. This dense terrain provided a natural advantage to German defenders, who fortified the area with concrete bunkers, minefields, barbed wire, and hidden artillery emplacements. German forces also used booby traps and anti-personnel mines, making the forest an effective defensive zone. The weather added to the challenge; frequent rain and cold temperatures turned the area into a muddy, harsh environment, complicating the movement of troops and vehicles.
American forces entered the Hürtgen Forest in early September 1944, with the primary objective of securing the Roer River dams. These dams controlled the flow of water downstream, and German forces could release the water to flood the Roer River valley, which would prevent an Allied advance across the river. By capturing the dams, the Allies aimed to prevent such flooding and enable their continued push into Germany.
The legacy of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest remains a sobering reminder of the challenges of ground combat in difficult terrain and the heavy price of war. The battle demonstrated the importance of terrain and the difficulties of fighting in heavily fortified, natural environments. The long and costly battle, fought over harsh winter months, left a lasting impression on those who served there and became one of the most challenging and controversial campaigns for American forces in the European theater of World War II. The losses and hardships experienced by soldiers in the Hürtgen Forest highlighted the brutal realities of war and the often-overlooked complexities of military planning and decision-making during the war.
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In June 1944, the U.S. Army deployed an unusual and highly secretive unit to Normandy. Known as the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops, this 1,100-man team went by a nickname: the Ghost Army. Their mission wasn’t to fight the enemy with traditional weapons but to deceive them using inflatable tanks, trucks, planes, and a range of sound effects. Historian Rick Beyer explores this unique chapter of World War II in his book and documentary film, The Ghost Army, and he will join us tonight to share this history.
The Ghost Army’s mission was to mislead German forces about the strength and location of American troops. To accomplish this, they staged a series of carefully planned deceptions across Europe, from Normandy to the Rhine. Using truckloads of inflatable vehicles and loudspeakers blasting recorded sounds of engines and marching troops, they created the illusion of large American units. Each day, the soldiers of the Ghost Army had to decide which military unit they would impersonate, often spending hours studying details to convincingly mimic the behavior, movements, and communication patterns of larger American forces.
The Ghost Army’s success relied heavily on creating an immersive deception that would fool German intelligence from multiple angles. Their visual deceptions featured rows of inflatable tanks, trucks, and artillery placed strategically to be visible but imperfectly camouflaged, encouraging enemy reconnaissance to spot them. Sound trucks with speakers were used to broadcast recordings of engines, infantry movements, and equipment clatter, creating an auditory illusion of battalion-sized forces on the move. Radio operators played their part by transmitting fake communication networks, further adding to the illusion. These decoys were so convincing that German intelligence frequently reported the “presence” of American units that existed only in the imagination of the Ghost Army.
Many Ghost Army soldiers were artists and designers recruited from art schools across the United States. This included future fashion icon Bill Blass, painter Ellsworth Kelly, and photographer Art Kane. Their creative backgrounds were essential to crafting believable illusions, and during downtime, they captured their experiences in sketches and paintings, leaving behind a unique and artistic record of the war. Some of these artists went on to successful careers after the war, but their wartime contributions remained classified for decades, a fact that Beyer’s documentary brings to light.
Rick Beyer’s The Ghost Army documentary reveals not only the intricacies of these deceptions but also the human element behind them. Through interviews with 19 Ghost Army veterans, the film shows how these men used their skills in art and performance to execute high-stakes missions with real consequences. In one of their final and most critical operations, the Ghost Army staged a major deception along the Rhine River. Thousands of Allied lives depended on this illusion, and the soldiers knew that if the Germans discovered the ruse, the consequences could be disastrous.
The Ghost Army’s accomplishments remained secret for nearly fifty years. Many veterans, bound by a gag order, never spoke about their experiences even to close family. It was only in recent years that the full extent of their contributions was revealed, and in March 2024, three of the unit’s surviving members were honored with the Congressional Gold Medal. This long-overdue recognition marked an important acknowledgment of their bravery and ingenuity, highlighting their contributions to the Allied victory in a way traditional combat could not.
Beyer’s work on The Ghost Army brings this fascinating and largely unknown story to a wider audience, capturing the power of creativity and deception in warfare. The documentary, available on streaming platforms like Apple TV and Amazon, offers a vivid portrayal of the Ghost Army’s unconventional role in World War II. Through a blend of historical perspective, veteran interviews, and original wartime artwork, it celebrates a unique legacy of soldiers who, without firing a shot, played a critical role in securing victory for the Allies. The Ghost Army is a reminder that sometimes, imagination and deception are as powerful as firepower in the theater of war.
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In a world before GPS and predecessor technology, how in the world did fleets of Allied bombers make their way across vast distances, hit their targets, and return home? Tonight, we talk about how navigation worked in World War II from experts who’ve studied it and one who lived it.
John “Lucky” Luckadoo of 100th BG fame will share what he learned in navigation training, and host Glenn Flickinger will walk through WWII 100th BG navigator Harry Crosby’s book on the subject, A Wing and a Prayer, with Mike Faley, 100th BG Historian and Rebecca Hutchinson, Harry’s daughter. Our own Bob Von Bargen, a retired Air Force navigator, will also guide us through the discussion.
During World War II, with no digital technology to assist them, USAAF navigators relied on complex skills, advanced training, and specialized equipment to complete their missions accurately and under high pressure. Their methods included a mix of dead reckoning, celestial navigation, and radio navigation—each with its own strengths and limitations. Given the severe consequences of navigation errors in combat, navigators trained rigorously to master these techniques, learning to adapt on the fly to conditions that constantly shifted with the demands of war.
Dead reckoning was the most basic and fundamental method navigators used. It involved estimating the plane’s position by calculating the time spent flying at a particular speed and direction. Armed with a stopwatch and a map, navigators would start with a known location and calculate the aircraft’s position based on its heading and airspeed. Crosswinds could throw the aircraft off course so navigators would check their position against landmarks or other data whenever possible. Often, vast stretches of ocean made this cross checking impossible.
In such cases, navigators turned to celestial navigation. This complex process involved using a sextant to measure the angle between a celestial body—such as a star, the sun, or the moon—and the horizon. By comparing these measurements with special navigation tables, navigators could establish the plane’s position on the Earth. This technique required both clear skies and precise trigonometric calculations, making it challenging under combat conditions where visibility was often poor. Still, celestial navigation was one of the most accurate methods available at the time, and mastering it was essential for any navigator.
Radio navigation provided another layer of support. Using ground-based radio stations, navigators would tune into specific frequencies and use the Radio Direction Finder (RDF) to home in on the radio signals. By comparing the signals from multiple stations, they could triangulate their position relative to these points. Although valuable, radio navigation came with its own set of issues, including limited range and the risk of interference from enemy jamming.
Training to become a navigator was intensive and required a wide array of skills. Navigators learned the fundamentals of math, geography, meteorology, and mechanics. Celestial navigation, in particular, demanded precise handling of a sextant and fast calculations, as split-second decisions were often needed under pressure. Training missions would frequently simulate the intense conditions of combat, including flights at night or in adverse weather, to prepare navigators for what they would experience in the field. Familiarity with the aircraft itself was also important, as navigators occasionally needed to take over basic flight controls in an emergency.
The navigators relied on a variety of specialized equipment to perform their duties. A standard kit included the sextant for celestial navigation, a drift meter to measure crosswind angles, and a Radio Direction Finder for picking up radio beacons. Maps, rulers, compasses, and protractors also occupied the navigator’s station.
Only after World War II did Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), and, later, the Global Positioning System (GPS) come online. INS used internal sensors to calculate position changes, eliminating the need for constant external references. GPS revolutionized the field entirely, providing precise, real-time global positioning and essentially removing the need for manual calculation. These technologies have streamlined aerial navigation, making it safer and vastly more efficient than the methods WWII navigators had to master.
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Renowned historian Sir Richard Evans talks about his new book, Hitler’s People: The Faces of the Third Reich, which delves into the complex factors that led to the widespread support for Hitler’s regime in Germany.
Evans argues that a combination of political opportunism, ideological manipulation, and a deep-seated sense of national humiliation and inferiority paved the way for the rise of Nazism.
Evans meticulously examines the roles of Hitler’s inner circle, including Göring, Goebbels, and Himmler, as well as lesser-known figures who played significant roles in enabling the Nazi ideology.
Evans also analyzes the motivations of ordinary Germans who became complicit in the Nazi regime. He argues that many were conservative nationalists who felt betrayed by the defeat of 1918 and the disintegration of the Kaiser’s Germany. Hitler’s promises of national renewal and a sense of superiority appealed to their shattered sense of stability.
Hitler was a singular figure, an opportunist and ideologue who benefited from the suffering caused by World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. However, Evans emphasizes that Hitler was not a political or military genius, but rather a demagogue who arrived at the right place and time to seize power.
Sir Richard J. Evans is a famous scholar of German history, who has authored a comprehensive three-volume history of the Third Reich, spanning the years 2003 to 2008. This monumental work, drawing upon Evans’ extensive research and expertise, has garnered widespread acclaim from fellow historians.
The first volume, “The Coming of the Third Reich,” delves into the tumultuous period leading up to the Nazi seizure of power in Germany. It meticulously examines the impact of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles, and the economic turmoil that paved the way for the rise of authoritarianism.
The second volume, “The Third Reich in Power,” explores the Nazi regime’s consolidation of power and its efforts to win over the German populace. Evans utilizes personal narratives to illustrate the social, economic, and cultural transformations that occurred during this period.
The third and final volume, “The Third Reich at War,” chronicles the major events of World War II from the Nazi perspective. It provides a detailed account of key battles, the Holocaust, and Hitler’s downfall. This volume has been hailed as a masterpiece of historical scholarship, offering a comprehensive synthesis of the extensive research conducted on the subject.
Overall, Evans’ Third Reich trilogy stands as a definitive and authoritative account of the rise, reign, and fall of the Nazi regime. Its meticulous research, balanced narrative, and insightful analysis have earned it widespread recognition as a seminal work in the field of German history.
#wwiihistory #usmilitary #veterans #history #trivia #ww2 #veteranshistory #usveterans #marines #usairforce #militaryhistory #usnavy
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Greatest Generation Live and Glenn Flickinger mark the anniversary of The Battle Off (or of) Samar in World War II with Admiral Sam Cox, Curator for the Navy, Director Naval History and Heritage Command.
Also joining us is Scott Reneau, the grandson of of Admiral Clifton “Ziggy” Sprague who commanded the Task Unit that fought the battle.
The Battle of Samar, fought on October 25, 1944, was a critical engagement during World War II, forming part of the larger Battle of Leyte Gulf. This battle is often remembered as one of the most dramatic naval actions in history, where a small and lightly armed American task force faced overwhelming odds against a powerful Japanese fleet. The battle is noted for the courage and determination of the American sailors who, despite their inferior firepower, managed to inflict significant damage on the Japanese forces and prevent a potential disaster.The Battle of Samar occurred during the broader campaign to liberate the Philippines from Japanese occupation. The American invasion of Leyte Island was supported by several naval task forces, including Task Unit 77.4.3, known as “Taffy 3.” This group, commanded by Rear Admiral Clifton “Ziggy” Sprague, consisted of six escort carriers, three destroyers, and four destroyer escorts. These ships were designed for anti-submarine warfare and air support, not for engaging battleships and cruisers.
Unbeknownst to the Americans, the Japanese had devised a complex plan to counter the Leyte invasion, involving several naval forces converging on the area. The most formidable of these was the Center Force under Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita, which included four battleships, six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and eleven destroyers. After surviving attacks from American submarines and aircraft, Kurita’s force managed to approach Samar largely unopposed, aiming to destroy the American invasion fleet off Leyte.
On the morning of October 25, 1944, Taffy 3 was conducting routine operations when it unexpectedly encountered Kurita’s powerful fleet. The Americans were caught off guard, as they had believed that Kurita’s force had been neutralized by previous air strikes. Rear Admiral Sprague immediately ordered his carriers to launch all available aircraft and turn to the east to escape while laying down a smoke screen.
The battle that ensued was one of the most unequal in naval history. The escort carriers of Taffy 3 were slow and lightly armed, designed primarily for anti-submarine warfare, and equipped with small aircraft like Wildcats and Avengers. In contrast, the Japanese force included some of the most powerful ships of the Imperial Navy, such as the battleship Yamato, the largest battleship ever built, armed with 18-inch guns.
Despite the overwhelming odds, Sprague’s forces fought back with everything they had. The destroyers and destroyer escorts charged at the Japanese fleet, launching torpedoes and firing their 5-inch guns in a desperate attempt to protect the carriers. The American airmen, flying from the carriers, attacked with whatever weapons were available, including bombs, torpedoes, and even strafing runs after their munitions were exhausted.
Sprague’s leadership during this crisis was crucial. He managed to keep his ships coordinated under intense pressure, directing evasive maneuvers and organizing the defense. His decision to charge the enemy with his destroyers and destroyer escorts, despite the overwhelming odds, played a key role in disrupting the Japanese attack.
The Japanese fleet, surprised by the ferocity and audacity of the American defense, became disorganized. Kurita, fearing an imminent air strike from more powerful American carriers, eventually ordered a retreat, believing he was facing a much larger force. This decision spared Taffy 3 from complete destruction and saved the invasion force at Leyte from potential disaster.
The Battle of Samar was a strategic victory for the United States, despite the loss of several ships, including the escort carriers Gambier Bay and the destroyers Johnston and Hoel. The bravery of the men aboard Taffy 3, who fought against overwhelming odds, earned them a place of honor in naval history. The battle demonstrated the importance of leadership, courage, and the ability to adapt under fire.
Rear Admiral Clifton “Ziggy” Sprague was widely praised for his actions during the battle. His leadership was instrumental in the survival of Taffy 3 and the success of the Leyte Gulf campaign. Sprague’s decision-making under extreme pressure, his tactical acumen, and his ability to inspire his men were key factors in the American victory. After the war, Sprague continued to serve in the Navy, eventually retiring as a Vice Admiral. His legacy is closely tied to the heroics of Samar, where he and his men turned what seemed like certain defeat into a remarkable victory.
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Greatest Generation Live and Glenn Flickinger mark the anniversary of “Black Week” in World War II with a panel of Eighth Air Force and 100th Bomb Group experts, Nancy Putnam, Rebecca Hutchinson, Mike Faley, and Jim Blakely.
“Black Week” refers to a devastating series of missions flown by the 100th Bomb Group of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II in October 1943. The 100th Bomb Group, part of the 8th Air Force, was based at Thorpe Abbotts, England, and was known for its heavy losses and high casualty rates, particularly during this fateful week.
The 100th Bomb Group, known as the “Bloody Hundredth” due to its high losses, was involved in strategic bombing campaigns aimed at crippling Nazi Germany’s industrial and military capabilities. By October 1943, the group had already endured significant losses, but the intensity of the air war was increasing as the Allies pushed deeper into enemy territory.
Black Week spanned from October 8 to October 14, 1943, during which the 100th Bomb Group flew several critical missions over Germany. The targets included heavily defended industrial cities and aircraft production facilities, such as Bremen, Munster, and Schweinfurt, which were essential to the German war effort.
October 8, 1943 (Bremen): The week began with a mission to Bremen, a major port and industrial center. The 100th Bomb Group faced intense flak and fighter opposition. Out of 21 B-17 Flying Fortresses dispatched, 7 were lost. The mission highlighted the vulnerability of bombers flying deep into Germany without sufficient fighter escort.
October 10, 1943 (Munster): The mission to Munster was particularly costly. The 100th Bomb Group lost 12 out of 13 bombers, an unprecedented loss rate of over 90%. This mission became one of the most tragic days in the group’s history, with many crews killed, wounded, or taken prisoner.
October 14, 1943 (Schweinfurt): The final mission of Black Week was the infamous second raid on Schweinfurt, known as “Black Thursday.” Schweinfurt was a key target due to its ball bearing factories, which were vital to the German war machine. The 100th Bomb Group lost another 5 bombers, and the overall losses for the 8th Air Force that day were staggering, with 60 bombers lost out of 291. The raid demonstrated the high cost of daylight bombing without adequate fighter support.
By the end of Black Week, the 100th Bomb Group had suffered catastrophic losses, losing 26 bombers and hundreds of airmen killed, wounded, or captured. The severe losses during these missions led to a temporary halt in deep penetration raids over Germany until the Allies could improve their tactics and fighter escort capabilities. The week underscored the need for long-range fighter escorts, which were eventually provided by the P-51 Mustang, significantly reducing bomber losses in subsequent missions.
Rebecca Hutchinson’s father, Harry Crosby, was a lead navigator in the 100th Bomb Group and played a crucial role in many of the group’s missions, including those during Black Week. After the war, Crosby authored the memoir A Wing and a Prayer: The “Bloody 100th” Bomb Group of the U.S. Eighth Air Force in Action over Europe in World War II, a detailed and personal account of his experiences during the war.
In A Wing and a Prayer, Crosby vividly describes the intense pressure and fear experienced by the bomber crews, the camaraderie among the men, and the heavy toll that the war took on those who served. He also reflects on the psychological impact of the missions, including the constant threat of death and the loss of close friends and comrades.
A Wing and a Prayer provides a window into the experiences of the airmen who endured some of the most dangerous missions of the war, offering readers a personal and unvarnished view of the air war over Europe.
#wwiihistory #airwarfare #veterans
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US Army Colonel Arthur Lee Shreve survived the Bataan Death March and years as a POW of the Japanese at Cabanatuan prison camp in the Philippines, aboard a Japanese “Hell Ship” and hard labor at Camp Fukuoka, Japan. Arthur’s granddaughter, Heather Shreve, shares his story and book, The Colonel’s Way: The Secret Diaries of a P.O.W., Philippines 1941-1945.
After his father’s untimely demise in 1913, Arthur Shreve assumed the responsibility of supporting his family. He dropped out of high school just weeks before graduation and enlisted in the Maryland National Guard in 1917. Driven by a desire to fly, he transferred to the Signal Corps and Aviation Section, eventually graduating from flight school in 1918.
Shreve’s first assignment was with the Second Aero Squadron in France, where he flew combat missions during World War I. Despite the perilous nature of aerial warfare, he survived and returned to Baltimore in 1919.
In 1920, Shreve rejoined the US Army as a second lieutenant. His first assignment was in Honolulu, Hawaii, where he met his future wife. He also gained valuable knowledge about Japanese war tactics and culture, which would prove invaluable in the years to come.
Over the next two decades, Shreve served in various capacities, including as a member of the US-German Army Jumping and Polo Team, an instructor at the University of Oklahoma, and a graduate of the Command and General Staff School. He retired as a lieutenant colonel in 1940 but was recalled to service in 1941.
Assigned to the South Luzon Force in the Philippines, Shreve arrived in November 1941. He recognized the vulnerability of the island to Japanese attack and advocated for strengthening its defenses. However, his warnings were not heeded.
On December 24, 1941, Shreve witnessed the arrival of Japanese forces at Antipolo, confirming his fears. He played a crucial role in the defense of the Philippines, but was eventually captured and forced to endure the infamous Bataan Death March.
Upon arriving at Cabanatuan prison camp in June 1942, Shreve continued his humanitarian efforts. He meticulously documented the camp’s conditions, including the alarming death rate, and established an underground network to smuggle in food and supplies.
Shreve’s ingenuity extended to creating a crystal radio receiver from an Army canteen, allowing him to eavesdrop on Japanese communications. This intelligence was relayed to Filipino operatives in Manila, providing valuable information to the Allied forces.
In 1944, he was among the 12,000 POWs transported on the Japanese ship Arai Maru. Overcrowding and inhumane conditions led to the deaths of 100 men from suffocation.
During a bombing attack, Shreve was shot in the back but survived. He witnessed the Japanese pushing POWs overboard and abandoning ship. Shreve jumped into the water and swam to shore, then returned to rescue four others.
Shreve and his fellow POWs were held in a tennis court for five days with minimal food and water. They were then transported to Manila and forced onto train cars with 190 men per car. The only ventilation came from bullet holes in the roof.
On the Anora Maru, another Japanese transport ship, Shreve witnessed the deaths of two fellow officers when a torpedo hit the vessel. He helped Colonel North to safety but was unable to save Babcock, who had a severe chest wound.
On the Brazil Maru, Shreve and his companions faced freezing temperatures and illness.
Shreve was eventually imprisoned in Camp Fukuoka, Japan, where he performed hard labor. He collected the belongings of his deceased comrades in a Red Cross box.
In September 1945, Shreve was rescued and evacuated to Korea. Of the original 12,000 POWs, only 270 survived the ordeal.
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This World War II Open Conversation led by historians Todd DePastino and Glenn Flickinger starts with a discussion of the connections between World War I and World War II. Should they be considered one continuous conflict, a "Thirty Years' War"?
Both wars are deeply interconnected in their causes and consequences and viewing them as a single, prolonged conflict highlights the deep-rooted tensions and unresolved issues that persisted between 1914 and 1945.
World War I, which began in 1914, was triggered by a complex web of alliances, militarism, nationalism, and imperial competition. The war ended in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh penalties on Germany and redrew the map of Europe. However, the treaty failed to address the underlying issues that had led to the war. Instead, it sowed the seeds for future conflict. Germany was left humiliated and economically devastated, creating a fertile ground for the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. The Treaty of Versailles, rather than ensuring peace, contributed to the instability and resentment that would lead to World War II.
World War II, which erupted in 1939, can be seen as a direct consequence of the unresolved tensions from World War I. The aggressive expansionism of Nazi Germany, driven by the desire to overturn the post-World War I order and reclaim lost territory, was a primary cause of the conflict. The failure of the League of Nations and the policy of appeasement further enabled Hitler's ambitions. The alliances, rivalries, and grievances that had existed during World War I were revived and intensified, leading to another catastrophic global conflict.
The period between the two wars, often referred to as the "interwar period," was marked by economic turmoil, political instability, and the rise of totalitarian regimes. The Great Depression of the 1930s exacerbated these issues, contributing to the collapse of democratic governments and the rise of fascism in Europe. This period was not a time of genuine peace but rather a prolonged ceasefire, where the underlying causes of World War I remained unresolved. The eventual outbreak of World War II can thus be seen as the resumption of a conflict that had never truly ended.
However, as expert Greg Yoest reminds us, it's important to recognize the differences between the two conflicts. World War I was largely a war of attrition fought between empires, while World War II was characterized by ideological battles between fascism, communism, and democracy, as well as widespread atrocities, including the Holocaust. The global scale and impact of World War II also far surpassed that of World War I.
We also discuss the 79th anniversary of the V-J Day, the Japanese surrender in 1945, especially what factors contributed to Emperor Hirohito's extraordinary--and unprecedented--decision to make a major policy decision regarding the war. We'll talk about the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet declaration of war on Japan on August 8, 1945, and also about other events going on in the war and the world at the time.
#wwiihistory #japanesesurrender #worldwarii #militaryhistory #veteran #interview #veterans #vet #veteransbreakfastclub #vbc #virtualevents #virtual #zoom #zoomevents #liveevent #webinar #military #army #usarmy #navy #usnavy #marinecorps #marines #airforce #pilot #aviators #coastguard #nonprofit #501c3 #history #militaryveterans #veteransstories #veteranshistory #veteraninterview #veteranshistoryproject #veteransoralhistory #veteranowned #militaryretirees #armyretirees #navyretirees #warstories #vietnam #vietnamwar #vietnamveterans #koreanwar #coldwar #greatestgeneration #wwii #ww2 #worldwar2 #war #americanhistory #oralhistory #podcast #scuttlebutt #thescuttlebutt #humor #storytelling #headlines #news #roundtable #breakfast #happyhour #thirtyyearswar
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Glenn Flickinger leads a conversation with military historians and Pacific War experts Jeff Ballard and Dave Holland on the US Army’s role in the Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II.
Dave, a seasoned veteran with a 28-year career in the US Marine Corps, is host of the popular Guadalcanal – Walking a Battlefield YouTube channel. He shares with us his extensive knowledge and passion for the Battle of Guadalcanal. He’s dedicated especially to assisting veterans and their families seeking information about the Guadalcanal campaign. Through his extensive personal knowledge, research, and field experience, he has become a valuable resource for those interested in the Guadalcanal campaign.
Military Historian Jeff Ballard is the expert on the Navy side of the Battle of Guadalcanal, but he shares his extensive knowledge of the Army experience with us.
The battle is often highlighted as a pivotal Marine Corps operation, but it was a joint Army-Marine-Navy effort was essential in securing an Allied victory and marked a turning point in the Pacific War.
The initial stages of the battle saw the 1st Marine Division, under Major General Alexander Vandegrift, landing on Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942. They quickly captured the airfield, later named Henderson Field, and established a defensive perimeter. However, the need for reinforcements became evident as Japanese forces mounted counterattacks.
The first U.S. Army units arrived on October 13, 1942, with the 164th Infantry Regiment of the Americal Division (officially the 23rd Infantry Division) reinforcing the Marines. This regiment played a crucial role in strengthening the defensive positions around Henderson Field and repelling Japanese assaults, particularly during the intense Battle for Henderson Field in late October 1942. Their presence was instrumental in blunting the major Japanese offensive and maintaining control of the airfield.
Further Army reinforcements arrived in the following months. The rest of the Americal Division, including the 182nd and 132nd Infantry Regiments, landed in November 1942, followed by the 25th Infantry Division, comprising the 35th, 27th, and 161st Infantry Regiments, in December 1942 and January 1943. These additional troops significantly bolstered the Allied forces on the island.
Army units participated in several key operations to clear Japanese forces from Guadalcanal. They were involved in offensives in the Matanikau River area and the Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse in January 1943. These operations, conducted in challenging terrain against tenacious Japanese resistance, were crucial in securing strategic locations on the island. The U.S. Army’s role in these battles was vital for the overall success of the campaign.
The coordination between Army and Marine Corps units was a critical factor in the success of the Guadalcanal campaign. Both branches worked closely, coordinating attacks, sharing resources, and supporting each other in defensive operations. This integration helped to overwhelm Japanese forces and maintain control of critical areas, such as Henderson Field. The combined efforts of Army and Marine Corps units ensured that the Allies could sustain their offensive and defensive operations effectively.
By February 1943, Japanese forces were evacuated from Guadalcanal, marking the successful conclusion of the campaign. The U.S. Army’s involvement was essential in maintaining the momentum and ensuring the eventual Allied victory on the island. While the Marine Corps led the initial stages, the contributions of the U.S. Army were vital in reinforcing and sustaining the effort, ultimately securing a decisive victory for the Allies.
In summary, the Battle of Guadalcanal was a joint effort where the U.S. Army’s significant contributions complemented the Marine Corps’ operations. The Army’s participation in critical battles, reinforcements, and coordination with the Marine Corps were key factors in the eventual success of the campaign, highlighting the importance of unified efforts in achieving victory.
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In preparation for our September VBC trip to England for a tour of English air fields and WWII sites, Glenn Flickinger gives us a presentation on the Air War Over Europe, and how the Allies almost lost it.World War II in Europe saw the pinnacle of air warfare, characterized by immense strategic impact and a vast scale of operations. Tens of thousands of aircraft, primarily from the United States, participated daily in the fight to liberate Europe from Nazi control. This unprecedented mobilization transformed the European Theatre into a massive air war, necessitating swift and extensive logistical efforts involving manufacturing, transportation, and maintenance of aircraft, as well as the recruitment and training of millions of personnel.In 1939, the US Army Air Corps was a modest force with 26,000 personnel and 1,200 outdated aircraft. By 1944, it had expanded a hundredfold, becoming the world’s most formidable air force. This transformation was largely inspired by Brigadier General Billy Mitchell’s vision of strategic bombing. Mitchell argued that long-range bombers could cripple an enemy’s industrial base and demoralize its population, thus ending wars swiftly. His concepts were embraced by key figures like Major General Haywood Hansell, Henry “Hap” Arnold, and Carl Spaatz, who pushed for the mass production of heavy bombers like the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.
The B-17, equipped with the advanced Norden Bombsight for precision bombing, became central to the Bomber Mafia’s doctrine of Daylight Precision Bombing. However, initial raids revealed the doctrine’s flaws. German fighter aircraft, such as the Focke-Wulf FW-190 and Messerschmitt ME-109, along with effective anti-aircraft defenses, inflicted severe losses on American bombers. Notable failures included the Schweinfurt-Regensburg raids in 1943, where substantial losses forced a reevaluation of tactics.
The turning point came with the introduction of the P-51 Mustang, a long-range fighter capable of escorting bombers deep into enemy territory. The P-51’s superior performance enabled it to protect bombers effectively, leading to a dramatic shift in air superiority. This change was crucial for the success of operations leading up to D-Day.
Operation Argument, also known as “Big Week” in February 1944, marked a significant resurgence of the Allied bombing campaign. Over 1,000 bombers and 600 fighters launched daily attacks on German industrial targets, dealing a crippling blow to the Luftwaffe. This operation demonstrated the strategic importance of air power and set the stage for the successful D-Day invasion in June 1944.
The Allied air war’s success was supported by immense production capabilities and the relentless efforts of those on the home front. The United States produced over 30,000 heavy bombers, while Britain manufactured over 7,000 Avro Lancasters despite constant enemy bombings. However, the human cost was staggering. The Royal Air Force’s Bomber Command lost 57,000 men, nearly half its force, and the Eighth Air Force saw 26,000 killed.
The physical and psychological toll on airmen was profound. Many suffered from Traumatic Stress Reaction, and the brutal conditions at high altitudes caused severe frostbite. Despite these hardships, the courage and sacrifice of these airmen were instrumental in achieving air superiority and, ultimately, victory in Europe.
The air war over Europe in WWII was a unique and significant chapter in military history. It highlighted the transformative power of air warfare and the incredible resilience and bravery of those who fought in the skies. Their contributions were vital to the Allied victory and remain a testament to the strategic importance of air power in modern warfare.
We’re grateful to UPMC for Life and Tobacco Free Adagio Health for sponsoring this event!
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In preparation for our September VBC trip to England for a tour of English air fields and WWII sites, Glenn Flickinger gives us a presentation on the Battle of Britain, a clash of air power to control the skies over Britain and the English Channel. We will experience a re-enactment of the battle at the Duxford Air Show September 13-15.
The Battle of Britain, fought from July to October 1940, marked the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces and was crucial in preventing Nazi Germany from achieving air superiority, which was necessary for launching an invasion of Britain.
The battle began after Germany had rapidly conquered much of Europe, leaving Britain isolated. Adolf Hitler aimed to force Britain to negotiate peace by crippling its air defenses and infrastructure through sustained aerial bombardment. The Luftwaffe, Germany’s air force, was tasked with this mission under Operation Sea Lion.
The initial phase of the battle, from July to early August, focused on targeting British shipping and ports. This strategy aimed to disrupt supplies and weaken British defenses. However, the Royal Air Force (RAF) managed to respond effectively, inflicting significant losses on the Luftwaffe.
In mid-August, the Luftwaffe shifted its focus to RAF airfields and radar stations. This was the most dangerous phase for Britain, as the destruction of these targets could cripple the RAF’s ability to defend the skies. The Germans launched large-scale attacks, leading to intense dogfights between German fighters and British Spitfires and Hurricanes. Despite suffering heavy losses, the RAF’s effective use of radar and efficient communication allowed them to remain resilient.
A turning point came in late August and early September when the Luftwaffe began bombing London and other major cities in what became known as the Blitz. This shift in strategy was partly a response to a British raid on Berlin, which angered Hitler. While the bombings caused significant civilian casualties and damage, they inadvertently relieved pressure on the RAF airfields, allowing the British fighters to regroup and recover.
The climax of the battle occurred on September 15, 1940, now known as Battle of Britain Day. The Luftwaffe launched a massive assault on London, expecting to draw out and destroy the RAF fighters. However, the British defenders were well-prepared, and the Luftwaffe suffered heavy losses. This failure convinced the German High Command that air superiority could not be achieved.
By the end of October, Hitler postponed Operation Sea Lion indefinitely. The Luftwaffe’s inability to dominate the skies over Britain marked the first significant defeat for Nazi Germany in World War II. The RAF had successfully defended Britain, preserving it as a base for future Allied operations, including the eventual liberation of Western Europe.
The Battle of Britain was not just a military confrontation but also a test of national endurance and morale. The bravery of the RAF pilots, often referred to as “The Few” based on Winston Churchill’s famous tribute, played a crucial role in securing the victory. Their efforts ensured that Britain remained a beacon of resistance against Nazi tyranny.
In summary, the Battle of Britain was a crucial air campaign in World War II that thwarted Hitler’s plans for invading Britain. The RAF’s strategic use of radar, resilient defense of key airfields, and the shift in German tactics to bombing cities all contributed to the British victory. This battle not only prevented a German invasion but also set the stage for future Allied successes in the war.
We’re grateful to UPMC for Life and Tobacco Free Adagio Health for sponsoring this event!
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Astronaut Jan Davis talks about her life in aviation and the legacy of service in her family. Her memoir Air Born, tells the story of her and her father.
Her father was Ben Smotherman, a B-17 pilot in World War II, vwho aliantly fought in the European Theater of Operations before being shot down over Holland in July 1943. After enduring twenty-one months as a prisoner of war, he was finally reunited with his loved ones and was able to start a family. Years later, after perusing his Wartime Log, his daughter Jan made discoveries about her father’s experiences that shed light on her own life path. As a Space Shuttle astronaut, Jan Davis went through intensive training, flew NASA jets, and completed three spaceflights, spending over 673 hours on orbit. Her experiences and emotions during her launches and space travel echoed those of her father during his combat missions, highlighting the unshakable bond between father and daughter.
With Air Born, you can join in on a flight through history as Jan Davis relates her father’s heroic service and draws connections between his combat missions and her own spaceflights. Discover the ins and outs of pilot training in the 1940s alongside Ben Smotherman and bear witness to his harrowing capture, interrogation, and imprisonment at Stalag Luft III. Rejoice with the POWs as World War II finally ends and the prisoners are returned home to continue pursuing their life’s goals. Shadow Jan Davis as she expertly navigates a career characterized by space exploration, scientific experimentation, and phenomenal feats of engineering. And draw inspiration from the intersection of two completely different yet uniquely connected worlds brought together by a common link of family and flying.
We’re grateful to UPMC for Life and Tobacco Free Adagio Health for sponsoring this event!
#militaryhistory #veteran #interview #veterans #vet #veteransbreakfastclub #vbc #virtualevents #virtual #zoom #zoomevents #liveevent #webinar #military #army #usarmy #navy #usnavy #marinecorps #marines #airforce #pilot #aviators #coastguard #nonprofit #501c3 #history #militaryveterans #veteransstories #veteranshistory #veteraninterview #veteranshistoryproject #veteransoralhistory #veteranowned #militaryretirees #armyretirees #navyretirees #warstories #vietnam #vietnamwar #vietnamveterans #koreanwar #coldwar #greatestgeneration #wwii #ww2 #worldwarii #worldwar2 #war #americanhistory #oralhistory #podcast #scuttlebutt #thescuttlebutt #humor #storytelling #headlines #news #roundtable #breakfast #generation911 #happyhour
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