Afleveringen
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The 'Marengo Trial' lasted years, finally resulting in multiple convictions of the so-called Mocro Mafia, including one of its most infamous leaders, Ridouan Taghi, who was convicted of murder among other things.
Who are the Mocro Mafia? They were born out of the Dutch-Moroccan community in the Netherlands during the 90s, starting with the smuggling of hashish before moving onto the much more profitable cocaine. Its estimated that they control up to a third of the cocaine market in Europe. But they have also left a trail of destruction in their wake, journalists and lawyers have been murdered, bombs have been detonated, many have been killed.
The Mocro Mafia have grown beyond the Netherlands and now operate transnationally, they are active in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, the UAE, Suriname, Colombia and Spain.
According to the Global Organized Crime Index, there has been an increase in the 'Criminal Actor' and 'Criminal Markets' score in Western Europe. Criminal markets have increased from 4.06 to 4.48 out of 10. All criminal markets have increased over the last few years in this region, but the largest increase was in the Mocro Mafia's prime market, the cocaine trade, now at 5.77 out of 10 - that is the highest regional score in Europe.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speaker(s): Sarah Fares, Analyst, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime
OC Index Country profile(s):
Netherlands country profile
Germany country profile
Belgium country profile
Spain country profile
Suriname country profile
UAE country profile
Colombia country profile
Additional Links:
Violence without borders: Why is drug-related violence spilling over into Germany?
The Global Organized Crime Index
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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When we think about the global drugs trade – countries like Colombia and Mexico often come to mind. But according to the Global Organized Crime Index, the country that sits just behind those two is Paraguay. In fact, Paraguay sits 4th globally for levels of criminality, with 7.52 out of 10.
It has really high scores for illicit markets like arms trafficking (9), counterfeit goods (9), Cocaine (8.5), and Cannabis (9). But then if we look at Criminal Actors within the OC Index, again, Paraguay scores incredibly highly across the board, for example state-embedded actors are at 9 out of 10, alongside foreign criminal actors. Overall, its Criminal Actor score is 8.3 out of 10.
Since 2021, Paraguay has seen an increase of 0.82 in levels of criminality, which means it climbed 12 places to 4th globally.
In addition to this, levels of resilience have remained relatively low, at 3.42 out of 10.
Only four other countries have seen a larger increase in the gap between criminality and resilience.
In this episode Thin discusses the situation in Paraguay.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers: Professor Alba Maria González Rolón, former Judge for the first and only court dealing with Organized Crime in Paraguay and member of the GI Network of Experts.
OC Index Country profile(s):
Paraguay Country Profile
Additional Links:
The Global Organized Crime Index
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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Zijn er afleveringen die ontbreken?
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Welcome to Underworlds with Mark Shaw.
Organized Crime is everywhere, hidden in plain sight. The stories from this world have been mythologised by Hollywood. But the reality can be even stranger and more exciting than fiction.
From the golden age of the American mafia (La Cosa Nostra), to the modern-day cocaine empires, and from the shadowy links between organized crime and terrorism, to the twilight of the Yakuza.
In this series Mark Shaw, the Director of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime delves into non-fiction books about organized crime and the illicit economy with the authors themselves. He asks questions about their background and investigations, but also the challenges associated in writing about this murky world.
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Ivory poaching is a problem wherever we find elephants, and that is no different in India. The ivory taken from the Asian elephants has long been prized in both traditional Chinese medicine and also ivory artefacts.
According to the Global Organized Crime Index, India has low score for Criminal Actors (4.8), but scores highly for Criminal Markets (6.7), where it sits 16th globally. Ivory poaching falls into the category of Fauna Crimes, here India scores 7.0 out of 10, that places the country 25th globally.
But India also has the highest levels of Resilience (5.42) to organized crime in South Asia.
In this episode we discuss an AI-driven technology developed specifically to help combat ivory poaching in India.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers: Sharada Balasubramanian, independent environmental journalist.
Links:
(Article) ‘Hawk-eyed: India is fighting its ivory poachers with a powerful tech weapon’
ECOSOLVE project
Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) - Kerala Forest & Wildlife Department takes official charge of ‘HAWK’ to Combat Wildlife Crime
OC Index Country profile(s):
India Country Profile
Additional Links:
The Global Organized Crime Index
The Observatory of Illicit Economies in Central and South Asia (CSA-Obs)
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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Ukraine (9/10) and Russia (8.5/10), alongside the former Soviet states of Moldova and Belarus, have some of the highest scores for arms trafficking in the Global Organized Crime Index.
This is due to the significant levels of weapons and ammunition left over at the end of the Soviet period.
In addition to the high levels of arms trafficking across this part of Europe, Central and Eastern Europe has the highest scores for state-embedded actors on the European continent (Russia, 8.5/10; Ukraine, 8/10).
Since Russia's full scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Western nations have sent weapons to Ukraine to aid in its struggle, but there are concerns that these weapons could leak out into the illicit markets of Europe and end up in the hands of organized crime.
Currently there is no evidence of this, the Ukrainian government has put in strict measures to prevent this from happening.
In this episode, we look at the war in Ukraine, and arms trafficking.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers: Daniel Brombacher, Director of the Europe Observatory, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Links:
(Paper) Smoke on the Horizon: Trends in arms trafficking from the conflict in Ukraine
OC Index Country profiles:
Ukraine Country Profile
Russia Country Profile
Moldova Country Profile
Belarus Country Profile
The Global Organized Crime Index
GITOC - The Observatory of Illicit Markets and the Conflict in Ukraine (UKR-Obs)
GITOC - The Observatory of Organized Crime in Europe (EUR-Obs)
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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The Netherlands is an important global trading hub, with Rotterdam being one of the worlds largest container ports in the world. The country's high quality infrastructure and the well known liberal approach to drugs makes the Netherlands attractive to organized criminal groups. And those originating in the Western Balkans have long been active in the Netherlands.
According to the Global Organized Crime Index, the Netherlands has high levels of foreign criminal actors with 6 out of 10 - an increase of 1.50 in just two years – only Bangladesh and Afghanistan have seen larger increases.
Alongside that, the levels of cocaine and synthetic drugs are extremely high - for cocaine the Netherlands sits 21st globally with 7.5 out of 10, and for synthetic drugs it’s even higher at 8 out of 10 – which is 15th globally.
In today’s episode we’ll look at the impact of organized criminal groups from the Western Balkans on the Netherlands, and their involvement in the illicit drugs trade.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers:
Ingrid Gercama, Investigative Journalist writing about the environment, politics, and conflict, mostly from the Balkans and Africa.
Links:
Article - Western Balkan criminal groups are important players in the Netherlands.
SEE-Obs - Risk Bulletin #18
Paper - Transnational Tentacles: Global Hotspots of Balkan Organized Crime
Paper - The cocaine pipeline to Europe
OC Index Country profiles:
Netherlands country profile
Albania country profile
Montenegro country profile
Serbia country profile
Bosnia & Herzegovina country profile
North Macedonia country profile
The Global Organized Crime Index
GITOC - South-Eastern Europe Observatory (SEE-Obs)
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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The largely unregulated taxi industry in South Africa has long been associated with violence., as taxi associations clash with one another over control of lucrative routes. Taxi-related violence ranges from shoot-out at taxi ranks to targeted hits on influential players in the industry, often sparking retaliatory killings, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of taxi operators and innocent bystanders.
According to the Global Organized Crime Index, mafia-style groups such as those operating in the taxi industry, are a prevalent criminal actor in South Africa - with a score of 7.5 out of 10, placing the country 5th out of 54 on the African continent.
South Africa also sits 6th in the world for extortion and protection racketeering, and the mafia-like taxi associations are major contributors to that, as they extort their drivers and attack rival modes of transport.
Overall, South Africa’s criminality score is very high at 7.18 out of 10, placing it 7th out of 193 countries.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers:
Rumbidzai Matamba, Analyst, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime
Links:
The business of killing: Assassinations in South Africa
The Shadow Economy: Uncovering Cape Town's Extortion Networks
The politics of murder: Criminal governance and targeted killings in South Africa
OC Index Country profiles:
South Africa country profile
The Global Organized Crime Index
GITOC - The Observatory of Illicit Economies in East and Southern Africa (ESA-Obs)
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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In March this year, gangs of armed men on motorcycles descended on a school in north-western state of Kaduna in Nigeria, kidnapping over 280 children. In the same week a similar mass kidnapping took place in the north-eastern state of Borno.
Over the past few years, kidnappings have been a real issue in Nigeria, but have recently been in decline.
So, who is behind these kidnappings? And why are they targeting these communities?
Kidnappings have contributed to the rise in extortion and protection racketeering in Nigeria, according to the Global Organized Crime Index, it is the highest in West Africa at 8/10.
Overall, Nigeria has very high levels of criminality - on the African continent it sits 2nd and 6th globally, with a score of 7.28 out of 10.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers:
Kingsley L. Madueke, Nigeria Research Coordinator, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Lawan Danjuma Adamu, Northern Nigeria Field Coordinator, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime
Links:
https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/mass-abductions-kidnappings-nigeria/
https://riskbulletins.globalinitiative.net/wea-obs-005/01-armed-bandits-extort-crop-farmers.html
https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/non-state-armed-groups-illicit-economies-west-africa/
OC Index Country profiles:
Nigeria Country Profile
The Global Organized Crime Index
GITOC - West Africa and the Sahel Observatory (WEA-Obs)
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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Brazil has long had a problem with mafia-style groups, according to the Global Organized Crime Index, with 8 out of 10, that places the country 3rd in South America.
One such group are the so-called militias, made up of former and serving members of military police or law enforcement. The militias groups have sought to profit from the housing market , with many residents facing the threat of violence, and even expulsion from their homes. Alongside this, militias have seeped into other markets, controlling access to utilities such as water, electricity and internet connectivity.
According to the Global Organized Crime Index, levels of extortion and protection racketeering are high, at 7 out of 10. These numbers contribute to the high overall criminality score for Brazil at 6.77 out of 10, placing them 22nd globally.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers:
Antonio Sampaio, Thematic Lead on Cities & Illicit Economies at the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime.
Nicholas Pope, Research fellow in the Department of War Studies at King’s College London
Links:
Coercive brokers: Militias and urban governance in Rio de Janeiro
OC Index Country profiles:
Brazil Country Profile
The Global Organized Crime Index
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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Montenegrin organized crime groups have risen through the criminal underworld to become key components of the global cocaine trade. From Latin America to global shipping, and from ports to European markets, they control the entire chain.
But with such a lucrative trade comes violence. Over the last decade, several dozen Montenegrins and Serbians have been killed across Europe in a bloody feud between two criminal groups - the Škaljari clan and the Kavač Clan, both originating from the small Adriatic town of Kotor.
According to the Global Organized Crime Index, Montenegro ranks 5th in terms of criminality out of 44 countries in Europe, with the cocaine trade being it’s most prevalent criminal market at a score of 7 out of 10.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers:
Marko Vešović, Journalist & Editor of the daily newspaper DAN Montenegro, and member of the GI Network.
Links:
(GI Video) Montenegro's Cocaine War: Rival Clans, Illicit Markets, and Assassinations
(GI Paper) Spot Prices: Analyzing flows of people, drugs and money in the Western Balkans
(GI Paper) The cocaine pipeline to Europe
Škaljari clan
Kavač Clan
OC Index Country profiles:
Montenegro
The Global Organized Crime Index
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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The gold mining sector in West Africa has increased significantly in recent years. But this is also a region bereft by political instability following several recent coups, extremist groups, foreign criminal actors and organized crime networks all operate here, artisanal and small-scale miners are often targeted by such groups.
According to the Global Organized Crime Index, there are high levels of criminality across the region in non-renewable resource crimes, the category which illegal gold mining falls under. Burkina Faso reaches 8.5 out of 10; Mali, 8 out of 10.
Whereas Resilience levels across the region are low, but particularly in Mali, at just 2.38 out of 10.
In this episode Thin will discuss the differences between informal and illegal gold mining, and the role criminal groups play in exploiting miners across West Africa, and the possibility of formalising the informal gold mining sector.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers:
Gideon Ofosu-Peasah, Analyst, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Marcena Hunter, Thematic Lead on Extractives and Illicit Flows, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Links:
(GI Paper) Learnings from West Africa’s regional experiences in the gold sector
OC Index Country profiles:
Mali
Burkina Faso
Ghana
Guinea
The Global Organized Crime Index
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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Papua New Guinea, the island nation in Oceania, is rich in biodiversity. But the rainforests that cover the country are also sought after by logging companies, sometimes illegally. PNG is the largest exporter of timber to China, where it is then distributed around the world.
There are a number of criminal markets that are particularly prevalent in PNG - financial crimes, human trafficking, non-renewable resource crime. But in this episode, we will focus on illegal logging, because Papua New Guinea sits second globally for flora crimes at 8.5 out of 10.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Guest: Eddie Tanago Paine from ACT NOW! For A Better Papua New Guinea
Links:
OC Index - Papua New Guinea country profile.
The Global Organized Crime Index
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Additional Links:
Mongabay - Logging, road construction continue to fuel forest loss in Papua New Guinea
The Guardian - From a forest in Papua New Guinea to a floor in Sydney: how China is getting rich off Pacific timber
Global Witness - In a historic win, Papua New Guinea acts against logging tax cheats. What happens next?
Al Jazeera - Papua New Guinea’s forests are being destroyed
The Guardian - Papua New Guinea landowners fight against logging
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The small Caribbean nation of Haiti has seen a surge in gang violence over the past few years. According to the Global Organized Crime Index, there is a high level of mafia-style groups (8.5 out of 10). These gangs have captured large swathes of the economy.
With names like G-Pep, 400 Mawozo, Baz Pilate, and G9, these gangs compete for control, leading this conflict to be described as the "world’s most dangerous gang war".
Haiti has the highest levels of criminality in the Caribbean. Arms trafficking, human trafficking, cocaine trafficking, and financial crimes are all over 7.5 out of 10. More troubling still is that its resilience score is very low - at 2.46 out of 10, which places Haiti at 174 out of 193 countries.
In this episode we will discuss the criminal governance of the gangs, and how difficult it is for civil society to operate in the country.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Guest: A civil society member in Haiti.
Links:
Haiti Country Profile
(Podcast) UN & Organized Crime Podcast - Gang violence and the human rights and security crisis in Haiti
(GI Paper) Gangs of Haiti: Expansion, power and an escalating crisis
(GI paper) Gang control and security vacuums: Assessing gender-based violence in Cité Soleil, Haiti
(GI Blog) New sanctions target Haiti gangsters
The Global Organized Crime Index
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Additional Links
https://haitiantimes.com/gangs-in-haiti-a-deeper-look/
https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/haiti-gang-violence-crisis-g9-g-pep-1234871794/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/21/haiti-jimmy-barbecue-cherizier-overthrow-prime-minister-ariel-henry
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/28/haiti-gangs-food-access-farming
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The Global Organized Crime Index features two new indicators - Cybercrime and Financial Crimes.
In this episode Thin sits down with the Head of Cyber Threat Intelligence at Chainalysis, Jacqueline Koven, to discuss a topic that straddles both of these indicators, money laundering through cryptocurrency.
According to Chainalysis, nearly $23.8 billion dollars’ worth of cryptocurrency was laundered in 2022, a 68% increase on the previous year.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Guest: Jacqueline Koven, the Head of Cyber Threat Intelligence at Chainalysis.
Links:
Russia country profile
North Korea country profile
Iran country profile
The Global Organized Crime Index
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
The Chainalysis 2023 Crypto Crime Report
Russian Cybercriminals Drive Significant Ransomware and Cryptocurrency-based Money Laundering Activity - https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/2022-crypto-crime-report-preview-russia-ransomware-money-laundering/
OFAC Sanctions Russian National Ekaterina Zhdanova for Using Cryptocurrency to Launder Money on Behalf of Russian Elites and Ransomware Groups - https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/ofac-russia-crypto-money-laundering-sanctions-2023/
Privacy Coins 101: Anonymity-Enhanced Cryptocurrencies - https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/privacy-coins-anonymity-enhanced-cryptocurrencies/
Crypto Mixer Usage Reaches All-time Highs in 2022, With Nation State Actors and Cybercriminals Contributing Significant Volume - https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/crypto-mixer-criminal-volume-2022/
Crypto Needs Comprehensive Policies to Protect Economies and Investors - https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/07/18/crypto-needs-comprehensive-policies-to-protect-economies-and-investors
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The assassination of Ecuadorean presidential candidate, Fernando Villavicencio in August this year made international headlines. A campaigner who railed against organized crime and corruption, his murder in Quito was one act in a downward spiral of violence in Ecuador. Local gangs and international criminal organisations have increased their influence in politics, worsening already low-public trust in state institutions.
Over the course of two years, according to the Global Organized Crime Index, Ecuador’s criminality score has risen sharply, and globally it now sits 11th, levels of resilience fared no better and have dipped significantly.
In this episode, Thin will delve into these Index scores and discuss organized crime, politics, and the increase in violence in Ecuador.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Guest: Renato Rivera, Coordinador Observatorio Ecuatoriano de Crimen Organizado
Links:
Ecuador Country Profile
Observatorio Ecuatoriano de Crimen Organizado
The Global Organized Crime Index
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
BBC News: Candidate in Ecuador's presidential election Fernando Villavicencio shot dead
El País: Mexican cartels linked to Ecuador violence: ‘Criminals have an incentive to say they belong to a renowned group’
The Guardian: ‘We should treat it as a war’: Ecuador’s descent into drug gang violence
Al Jazeera: Ecuador gang boss who threatened Villavicencio moved to high-security jail
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Myanmar in Southeast Asia topped the global list for levels of criminality (8.15/10) in the latest Global Organized Crime Index. From arms trafficking (9/10) to the synthetic drugs trade(10/10), and mafia-style groups (9.5/10) to state-embedded actors (9/10), Myanmar has high levels almost across the board for criminal markets and actors.
The country is also resource rich - gold, jade, precious stones, and rare earth minerals, essential to the technologies driving the green transition around the world. But, this mining industry is controlled by armed groups, the ruling military government, and predatory companies, who exploit workers, poison the environment, violently crack down on civil society, and horde illicit wealth.
In this episode Thin Lei Win discusses illegal rare earth mineral mining in Myanmar with Clare Hammond, Investigative Journalist and Senior Campaigner at Global Witness, and author of the report ‘Myanmar’s poisoned mountains: The toxic rare earth mining industry at the heart of the global green energy transition’.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Guest: Clare Hammond, Global Witness.
Links:
Myanmar Country Profile
The Global Organized Crime Index
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Global Witness - Myanmar’s poisoned mountains: The toxic rare earth mining industry at the heart of the global green energy transition.
Radio Free Asia - Illegal mining of rare earth metals surges in northern Myanmar
The Telegraph - Increase in rare-earth mining in Myanmar may be funding junta
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The category of 'Financial Crime' is to be added to the upcoming version of the Global Organized Crime Index. In this bonus episode Thin sits down with Nick Lewis, the Global Head of Integrated Intelligence and Investigations at Standard Charter Bank, to discuss the difficulties of financial crime investigations and what is needed to improve the situation.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers:
Nick Lewis (OBE), Global Head at Integrated Intelligence and Investigations at Standard Chartered Bank and also the Managing Director for its High Risk Client Unit for conduct, financial crime and compliance. Nick has extensive experience in law enforcement, first joining the North Wales Police in 1982 and has since been involved in numerous organisations and law enforcement divisions, including the Serious Organised Crime Agency, leading operations around the world in countering transnational organised crime.
Additional Links:
United Kingdom country profile
OCIndex.net
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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What are financial crimes? Once called 'White Collar Crimes', the term 'financial crimes' covers a broad range of forms of criminality - from financial fraud to tax evasion, and from illicit financial flows to money laundering. It is so often considered a victimless crime, but in reality that could not be further from the truth. Whether its a corrupt politician siphoning public money away and into tax havens, or unscrupulous financial institutions aiding the laundering of vast sums of illicit money - financial crimes cost the global economy trillions of dollars.
In the new iteration of the Global Organized Crime Index, financial crimes, are defined as "organized crime that results in a financial loss to the state, entity and/or private individuals". That is the topic of this episode of The Index.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers:
Sangeeta Goswami – Policy Advocacy Adviser at Human Security Collective, a nonprofit foundation based in The Netherlands.
Kristina Amerhauser – Programme manager at the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, conducting research and analysis in the Asia-Pacific Observatory.
Additional Links:
OCIndex.net
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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Do you ever think about where the chair you are sitting on came from? Or perhaps the electronic device you are using to listen to this podcast, where does the metals come from?
The illegal extraction of non-renewable resources, like gold, timber, and rare earth minerals, has become a very lucrative and widespread criminal sector across the world – but it is particularly prevalent in natural-resource rich South America, which scores highest for non-renewable resource crimes.
Organized criminal groups with their origins in drug trafficking have become part of this illicit market, and as a result the situation is only getting worse - and it affects all of us.
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers:
Flávia do Amaral Vieira, Senior Researcher at Plataforma Cipó in Brazil.
Bram Ebus, criminologist, investigative journalist, and consultant at the International Crisis Group. Bram is also a member of the GI Network of Experts.
Additional Links:
OCIndex.net
Brazil Country Profile
Venezuela Country Profile
Colombia Country Profile
Peru Country Profile
Ecuador Country Profile
Argentina Country Profile
Uruguay Country Profile
Chile Country Profile
Bolivia Country Profile
Paraguay Country Profile
Guyana Country Profile
Suriname Country Profile
Measuring organized crime: A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index.
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Plataforma Cipó
International Crisis Group
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For a long time the relationship between Africa and illicit drugs was little explored in comparison to other parts of the world – often seen as little more than a transit region for drugs going to other places – usually Europe.
But our understanding has grown over recent years, as have the domestic markets for illicit drugs.
In this episode we study the markets of East and Southern Africa, answering questions like: Are drugs limited to coastal regions? Do they penetrate the interior of this huge continent? Where does this region fit into the global drugs trade?
Presenter: Thin Lei Win
Speakers:
Caryn Dolley, journalist and author of the book 'Clash of cartels: unmasking the global drug kingpins stalking South Africa.
Bernice Apondi, policy manager at Voices for Community Action and Leadership in Kenya and a consultant in research and drug policy.
Jason Eligh, Senior expert and Thematic Lead for Drugs at the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Additional Links:
OCIndex.net
Kenya Profile
Tanzania Profile
Malawi Profile
Mozambique Profile
Zimbabwe Profile
Zambia Profile
Eswatini Profile
South Africa Profile
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
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