Afleveringen
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As the new year begins, some people see an opportunity for change and improvement.
随着新的一年的开始，一些人看到了改变和改进的机会。
Experts say January can be a good time to think about self-improvement. Many people make resolutions. But these promises we make to ourselves require effort to become part of our daily lives. They are meant to last a long time.
专家表示，一月可能是思考自我提升的好时机。许多人都做出了决定。但我们对自己做出的这些承诺需要努力才能成为我们日常生活的一部分。它们应该能够持续很长时间。
Studies have shown that up to 70 percent of people who make New Year’s resolutions quit their plans within months.
研究表明，高达 70% 的人在制定新年计划后几个月内就放弃了他们的计划。
Recently, experts gave advice on keeping New Year's resolutions to the Associated Press.
近日，专家们向美联社提出了保留新年决心的建议。
It is difficult to make big changes. Behavioral health experts suggest breaking big goals into smaller targets. For example, if your goal is to improve your health, you could start with small changes. For some meals, you could trade unhealthy foods for heathy ones, or you could exercise for 10 minutes each day.
做出大的改变是很困难的。行为健康专家建议将大目标分解为小目标。例如，如果您的目标是改善健康，您可以从小的改变开始。对于某些膳食，您可以将不健康的食物换成健康的食物，或者每天锻炼 10 分钟。
Once you start reaching smaller goals, the bigger one might not seem so daunting.
一旦你开始实现较小的目标，较大的目标可能看起来就不那么令人畏惧了。
Psychologist Lynn Bufka suggests being realistic about resolutions. She is with the American Psychological Association based in Washington, D.C.
心理学家林恩·布夫卡（Lynn Bufka）建议，对于决心要现实一些。她是位于华盛顿特区的美国心理学协会的成员。
“It’s quite daunting to say that you want to lose 50 pounds and thus, will never eat dessert again,” she said. “It might be more helpful to say, you’re only going to have dessert on the weekends and for special occasions.”
“说你想减掉 50 磅，然后再也不吃甜点是相当令人畏惧的，”她说。“这样说可能更有帮助，你只会在周末和特殊场合吃甜点。”
Think about what your resolution is helping you to achieve. Do not think about what you are giving up. This can be a powerful way to change your mindset.
想想你的决心可以帮助你实现什么目标。不要去想你要放弃什么。这可能是改变你的心态的有效方法。
Bufka said that thinking positively about your end goal and the benefits of your changed behavior can increase your motivation, or drive to succeed.
布夫卡说，积极思考你的最终目标和改变行为的好处可以增加你的动力，或推动成功。
Bufka gave this example. “If I put money in a jar for what I would have spent on chocolate every day, that starts to add up,” she explained.
布夫卡举了这个例子。“如果我把每天花在巧克力上的钱放进一个罐子里，那钱就会开始增加，”她解释道。
A study of New Year’s resolutions published in 2020 found that people who pay attention to specific goals are more successful than those simply trying to give up bad habits.
一项针对 2020 年新年决心的研究发现，关注具体目标的人比那些仅仅试图戒掉坏习惯的人更成功。
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The world's tropical rainforests are home to more than 16,000 different mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, from colourful monkeys and parrots living high in the canopy, to weird and wonderful frogs and toads on the forest floor.
世界上的热带雨林是超过 16000 种不同的哺乳动物、鸟类、两栖动物和爬行动物的家园：这里有生活在上层树冠区域的色彩鲜艳的猴子和鹦鹉，也有生活在森林地面上奇特又奇妙的青蛙和蟾蜍。
But now a study by Canadian scientists has revealed that while there may be tree cover remaining, most of the tropical rainforests across the globe are too degraded by logging, mining and roads to provide good quality habitat for wildlife.
但现在，加拿大科学家开展的一项研究表明，尽管许多热带雨林可能还被树木覆盖，但全球大多数热带雨林都因伐木、采矿和修路的破坏而严重退化，无法为野生动物提供优质的栖息地。
They're calling for urgent conservation action to protect tracts of undisturbed forest before extinction for many rainforest species becomes a foregone conclusion. And they say as rainforests are one of nature's best defences against climate change, this would also help stabilise the Earth's climate.
科学家们呼吁各国采取紧急保护行动，以保护大片未受侵扰的森林，否则许多热带雨林物种的灭绝将成为定局。他们表示，热带雨林是大自然抵抗气候变化的最佳屏障之一，这也将有助于稳定地球的气候。
词汇表
canopy 树冠
tree cover 树木覆盖
logging 伐木
mining 采矿
habitat 栖息地
conservation action 保护行动
tracts 大片土地
undisturbed 未被打扰的
species 物种
foregone conclusion 预料中的必然结局
defences 保护，防御
stabilise 使…稳定
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Some people may not be able to buy them. They can be costly. A quality weighted blankets can cost between $50 to over $300. This depends on the size, weight and material.
有些人可能买不起。它们可能成本高昂。优质的加重毯子价格可能在 50 美元到 300 美元以上。这取决于尺寸、重量和材料。
Some people use them for other reasons than sleep. Rhonda James gets under her blanket to relax as she watches television or drinks a glass of wine.
有些人出于睡眠以外的其他原因使用它们。朗达·詹姆斯 (Rhonda James) 躲在毯子下放松地看电视或喝一杯酒。
Lucy Taylor, a writer from Wales, also uses a weighted blanket. Her anxiety increases during the winter. So, she uses her blanket during cold months to fall asleep. She says when her body is relaxed, her mind relaxes too.
来自威尔士的作家露西·泰勒也使用加重毯子。冬天她的焦虑会加剧。因此，在寒冷的月份里，她会用毯子入睡。她说，当她的身体放松时，她的思想也会放松。
For most healthy adults, experts say to choose a blanket that is about 10 percent of your body weight.
专家表示，对于大多数健康的成年人来说，选择重量约为体重 10% 的毯子。
However, the blankets are not good for everyone.
然而，毯子并不适合所有人。
For example, some people may find them too hot to use, especially during warmer weather.
例如，有些人可能会发现它们太热而无法使用，尤其是在天气温暖的时候。
People with breathing problems or disorders such as sleep apnea should check with a doctor before using a weighted blanket.
患有呼吸问题或睡眠呼吸暂停等疾病的人在使用加重毯之前应咨询医生。
Experts say to not use weighted blankets for children under three years old. The weight can limit their movement and breathing.
专家表示，三岁以下的儿童不要使用加重毯子。重量会限制他们的运动和呼吸。
Some people may not be able to buy them. They can be costly. A quality weighted blankets can cost between $50 to over $300. This depends on the size, weight and material.
有些人可能买不起。它们可能成本高昂。优质的加重毯子价格可能在 50 美元到 300 美元以上。这取决于尺寸、重量和材料。
Some people use them for other reasons than sleep. Rhonda James gets under her blanket to relax as she watches television or drinks a glass of wine.
有些人出于睡眠以外的其他原因使用它们。朗达·詹姆斯 (Rhonda James) 躲在毯子下放松地看电视或喝一杯酒。
Lucy Taylor, a writer from Wales, also uses a weighted blanket. Her anxiety increases during the winter. So, she uses her blanket during cold months to fall asleep. She says when her body is relaxed, her mind relaxes too.
来自威尔士的作家露西·泰勒也使用加重毯子。冬天她的焦虑会加剧。因此，在寒冷的月份里，她会用毯子入睡。她说，当她的身体放松时，她的思想也会放松。
Can weighted blankets improve sleep? There is little scientific research on whether weighted blankets help with sleep, anxiety, or other health issues. The studies that exist involve small groups of people. And most of the study subjects are people with conditions including sleep problems, long-term pain, and mental and developmental disorders.
关于加重毯子是否有助于睡眠、焦虑或其他健康问题的科学研究很少。现有的研究涉及一小群人。大多数研究对象都是患有睡眠问题、长期疼痛以及精神和发育障碍等疾病的人。
A study on 120 people with insomnia, an inability to get enough sleep, found that the weighted blankets helped them sleep better compared to a light blanket.
一项针对 120 名失眠症患者（无法获得足够睡眠）的研究发现，与轻薄的毯子相比，加重的毯子可以帮助他们睡得更好。
Another study considered 67 children with the developmental and brain disorder autism. That research found that weighted blankets did not affect the children’s sleep at all. However, it also found that the study subjects liked the weighted blankets more than non-weighted blankets.
另一项研究对 67 名患有发育和大脑障碍自闭症的儿童进行了研究。该研究发现加重的毯子根本不会影响孩子们的睡眠。然而，研究还发现，研究对象比非加重毯子更喜欢加重毯子。
A third study on 94 adults with chronic pain found that a heavier weighted blanket did not affect sleep. But it was better at reducing pain than a lighter blanket.
第三项针对 94 名患有慢性疼痛的成年人的研究发现，较重的毯子不会影响睡眠。但它比更轻的毯子更能减轻疼痛。
So, there is not much scientific evidence to support health improvement claims about weighted blankets. However, in most cases they also cannot hurt, sleep experts say.
因此，没有太多科学证据支持加重毯子改善健康的说法。然而，睡眠专家表示，在大多数情况下，它们也不会造成伤害。
Dr. Daniel Barone is a sleep medicine expert at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City. He suggests the use of weighted blankets to his patients after they try other traditional treatments and medicines.
丹尼尔·巴龙 (Daniel Barone) 博士是纽约市威尔康奈尔医学院的睡眠医学专家。他建议患者在尝试其他传统疗法和药物后使用加重毯子。
“If it doesn’t hurt and it may help, it’s worth a shot,” he said.
“如果它没有伤害并且可能有帮助，那就值得一试，”他说。
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When her husband gave her a weighted blanket to help her sleep, Rhonda James did not think it would work. In other words, she was skeptical. But five minutes after covering herself with the blanket, she was asleep.
当她的丈夫给她一条加重的毯子帮助她入睡时，朗达·詹姆斯认为这不起作用。换句话说，她是持怀疑态度的。但盖上毯子五分钟后，她就睡着了。
“It felt like a really big hug,” said James. She is a banker who lives in Charleston, South Carolina.
“这感觉就像一个非常大的拥抱，”詹姆斯说。她是一位住在南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿的银行家。
As temperatures drop, a weighted blanket can be a popular choice to help you keep warm. But some people say the extra pressure of the cover also helps to ease their worries and fall asleep faster.
随着气温下降，加重的毯子可能是帮助您保暖的流行选择。但有些人表示，被子的额外压力也有助于减轻他们的担忧，更快入睡。
However, research on the effectiveness of weighted blankets is limited. The Associated Press recently reported on what is known about weighted blankets.
然而，关于加重毯子有效性的研究有限。美联社最近报道了有关加重毯子的已知情况。
Weighted blankets are filled with small glass balls, cotton or another filling. This makes them heavier than usual blankets.
加重毯子里填充有小玻璃球、棉花或其他填充物。这使得它们比普通的毯子重。
Scientists may not know exactly how the blankets comfort, but they have a few ideas.
科学家们可能并不确切知道毯子的舒适度如何，但他们有一些想法。
The heavy, even feeling from a weighted blanket may calm the brain’s fight-or-flight response, said Dr. Neal Walia. He is a sleep medicine expert at University of California, Los Angeles Health.
尼尔·瓦利亚博士说，加重的毯子带来的沉重、均匀的感觉可能会平息大脑的战斗或逃跑反应。他是加州大学洛杉矶分校健康中心的睡眠医学专家。
He said, “The evenly distributed weight on you tells your body..." you are in a "...calm environment.’”
他说，“你身上均匀分布的重量告诉你的身体……”你处于“……平静的环境中。”
The extra pressure also may cause the brain to release the hormone oxytocin. Sometimes called the “love hormone,” the body creates oxytocin during loving moments, such as hugging. Oxytocin can also lower anxiety, Walia said.
额外的压力还可能导致大脑释放催产素。有时被称为“爱情激素”，身体在爱的时刻（例如拥抱）会产生催产素。瓦利亚说，催产素还可以降低焦虑。
For most healthy adults, experts say to choose a blanket that is about 10 percent of your body weight.
专家表示，对于大多数健康的成年人来说，选择重量约为体重 10% 的毯子。
However, the blankets are not good for everyone.
然而，毯子并不适合所有人。
For example, some people may find them too hot to use, especially during warmer weather.
例如，有些人可能会发现它们太热而无法使用，尤其是在天气温暖的时候。
People with breathing problems or disorders such as sleep apnea should check with a doctor before using a weighted blanket.
患有呼吸问题或睡眠呼吸暂停等疾病的人在使用加重毯之前应咨询医生。
Experts say to not use weighted blankets for children under three years old. The weight can limit their movement and breathing.
专家表示，三岁以下的儿童不要使用加重毯子。重量会限制他们的运动和呼吸。
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Tuvalu, the fourth smallest nation in the world, announced its intention to become the world's first digital country back in 2022. But why, and how?
图瓦卢是世界上第四小的国家，早在 2022 年就宣布打算成为世界上第一个数字国家。但是为什么以及如何实现呢？
Facing the devastating effects of rising sea levels caused by climate change, the nation, made up of three reef islands and six atolls, is rapidly becoming uninhabitable. Tuvalu sits between Hawaii and Australia and is grappling with increasingly dire conditions. In 2022, at high tide, nearly 40% of the capital became submerged, according to the news agency Reuters. A recent assessment by scientists at NASA indicated that "much of the land plus critical infrastructure will sit below the level of the current high tide by 2050". And projections suggest the entire country could be underwater by the year 2100. Global warming has already displaced many of Tuvalu's 11,000 inhabitants, while coral bleaching and coastal erosion continue to degrade the surrounding environment.
面对气候变化造成的海平面上升的破坏性影响，这个由三个礁岛和六个环礁组成的国家正在迅速变得不适合居住。图瓦卢位于夏威夷和澳大利亚之间，正在努力应对日益严峻的形势。据路透社报道，2022 年涨潮时，近 40% 的首都被淹没。美国宇航局科学家最近的一项评估表明，“到 2050 年，大部分土地加上关键基础设施将低于当前高潮水位”。预测显示，到 2100 年，整个国家可能会被淹没。全球变暖已经使图瓦卢 11,000 名居民中的许多人流离失所，而珊瑚白化和海岸侵蚀继续使周围环境恶化。
This is why the government plans to back up the country and rebuild a virtual online replica. The announcement was first made at the UN Climate Change Conference, COP27 by Tuvalu's Minister of Justice, Simon Kofe. He said, "As our land slips below the ocean, we have no choice but to become the world's first digital nation. Our land, our ocean, our culture are the most precious assets of our people".
这就是政府计划支持国家并重建虚拟在线副本的原因。图瓦卢司法部长西蒙·科菲 (Simon Kofe) 在联合国气候变化大会 COP27 上首次宣布了这一消息。他说：“当我们的土地沉入海洋时，我们别无选择，只能成为世界上第一个数字国家。我们的土地、我们的海洋、我们的文化是我们人民最宝贵的资产”。
The country has since been preserving Tuvalu's cultural and historical identity by recording historical documents, maps, family photograph albums, traditional songs, and other cultural practices, all of which will be accessible online. In early 2024, Place, a global non-profit organisation, began mapping the physical features of Funafuti, Tuvalu's capital, using drones and 360-degree cameras.
此后，该国一直通过记录历史文献、地图、家庭相册、传统歌曲和其他文化习俗来保护图瓦卢的文化和历史特征，所有这些都可以在线访问。2024 年初，全球非营利组织 Place 开始使用无人机和 360 度相机绘制图瓦卢首都富纳富提的物理特征。
Though moving a country online has legal challenges – international law requires a country to have territory and population, both of which are uncertain in Tuvalu's future. At the same time, critics argue the plan is just for publicity, highlighting the need to reduce emissions.
尽管将一个国家转移到网上存在法律挑战，但国际法要求一个国家拥有领土和人口，而这两者对图瓦卢的未来来说都是不确定的。与此同时，批评者认为该计划只是为了宣传，强调减少排放的必要性。
Whatever happens, a digital twin of the country will help preserve its culture and heritage for generations to come.
无论发生什么，该国的数字孪生都将有助于为子孙后代保护其文化和遗产。
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People living in the area have reported health problems. Some told the Associated Press (AP) that they suffered from itchy skin, sore throat and other difficulties.
居住在该地区的人们报告了健康问题。一些人告诉美联社，他们患有皮肤瘙痒、喉咙痛和其他困难。
The Indonesia-based nonprofit group Satya Bumi sent water, dust and shellfish from the area to a laboratory this year. The group said the results showed dangerous levels of nickel, lead and cadmium. These substances are linked to mining.
总部位于印度尼西亚的非营利组织 Satya Bumi 今年将该地区的水、灰尘和贝类送往实验室。该组织表示，结果显示镍、铅和镉的含量达到危险水平。这些物质与采矿有关。
Kathrin Shilling is an assistant professor and biology researcher at Columbia University in New York City. She studied the lab results. Shilling told the AP, “If people on this island are using the river water as drinking water…you cannot escape basically any of the exposure to those toxic metals.”
凯瑟琳·希林 (Kathrin Shilling) 是纽约市哥伦比亚大学的助理教授和生物学研究员。她研究了实验室结果。希林告诉美联社，“如果这个岛上的人们使用河水作为饮用水……你基本上无法避免接触这些有毒金属。”
Kabaena is not the only place affected. To the north, on a larger island, Torobulu is another place where mining damage can be seen.
卡巴埃纳并不是唯一受到影响的地方。在北部的一个较大岛屿上，托罗布鲁是另一个可以看到采矿破坏的地方。
The mining problems continue although Indonesia’s constitutional court ruled in March of this year that small islands such as Kabaena should have special protection. However, a researcher from Satya Bumi said the government is still approving mining permits.
尽管印尼宪法法院今年三月裁定卡巴埃纳等小岛应受到特别保护，但采矿问题仍然存在。然而，萨蒂亚布米的一位研究人员表示，政府仍在批准采矿许可证。
The group Mighty Earth said 150 hectares of forest have been cleared on Kabaena since April 1. And it said over half of that was on land controlled by the mining company Tonia Mitra Sejahtera. The company and Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources did not answer requests for comment from the AP.
Mighty Earth 组织表示，自 4 月 1 日以来，卡巴埃纳已有 150 公顷森林被砍伐。该组织表示，其中一半以上位于矿业公司 Tonia Mitra Sejahtera 控制的土地上。该公司和印度尼西亚能源和矿产资源部没有回应美联社的置评请求。
Amiruddin is a 53-year-old fisherman on Kabaena Island. He said the results of the government permits for mining have affected many people.
阿米鲁丁 (Amiruddin) 是卡巴埃纳岛 (Kabaena Island) 的 53 岁渔民。他说，政府采矿许可证的结果影响了很多人。
“All residents here have felt the impact,” he said.
“这里的所有居民都感受到了影响，”他说。
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Indonesia has the world’s largest known supply of nickel and major supplies of valuable minerals, including cobalt and bauxite. However, the mining industry there is being criticized for not protecting the environment and some Indonesian island people.
印度尼西亚拥有世界上已知最大的镍供应量以及钴和铝土矿等有价值矿物的主要供应量。然而，那里的采矿业因不保护环境和一些印尼岛民而受到批评。
The Southeast Asian country is involved in mining that produces materials important to the manufacture of stainless steel and electric vehicle batteries, among other things.
这个东南亚国家从事采矿业，生产对制造不锈钢和电动汽车电池等重要的材料。
Indonesia is aiming to expand its mining and processing industries. But the development could face opposition from international and local groups.
印度尼西亚的目标是扩大其采矿和加工业。但这一发展可能会面临国际和当地团体的反对。
Nickel processing centers are becoming more common in parts of Indonesia. Sometimes, the plants are near the sea where many boats line up to carry ore, a mineral combination that contains nickel. Sometimes, these plants are near schools or places where local people fish or farm.
镍加工中心在印度尼西亚部分地区变得越来越普遍。有时，这些工厂靠近大海，许多船只排队运输矿石，这是一种含有镍的矿物组合。有时，这些工厂位于学校或当地人钓鱼或耕种的地方附近。
The World Resources Institute, based in Washington D.C., says from 2001 to 2020, 1.4 million hectares of trees were cut down around the world. Indonesia is estimated to have had the highest loss.
总部位于华盛顿特区的世界资源研究所表示，从 2001 年到 2020 年，世界各地有 140 万公顷的树木被砍伐。据估计，印度尼西亚的损失最高。
Amanda Hurowitz is a director with Mighty Earth. The environmental group is also based in Washington, D.C. Hurowitz said that, on the island of Kabaena, mining companies have cleared 3,700 hectares of forest in the last 22 years.
阿曼达·赫洛维茨 (Amanda Hurowitz) 是《强大地球》的导演。该环保组织的总部也位于华盛顿特区。Hurowitz 表示，在卡巴埃纳岛上，采矿公司在过去 22 年里砍伐了 3,700 公顷的森林。
Fishermen who used to fish off the island have said the waters are filled with sediment from the mines. People in farming communities also say they are affected. They say sugar cane, sugar palms and clove trees do not grow well anymore.
曾经在岛上捕鱼的渔民说，水域里充满了矿井的沉积物。农业社区的人们也表示他们受到了影响。他们说甘蔗、糖棕榈和丁香树不再生长得很好。
Amal Susanto is a sugar palm farmer. He said: “That’s the effect: The growth of the sugar palm trees will not be as good because of the influence of mining.” Susanto lives in an area where permits have been approved but mining has not yet begun.
阿迈勒·苏珊托 (Amal Susanto) 是一名糖棕榈种植者。他说：“这就是效果：因为采矿的影响，糖棕树的生长不会那么好。” 苏珊托居住的地区已获得许可证，但采矿尚未开始。
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Laiba Rashid is a 22-year-old Pakistani student in a special training program in the city of Lahore. The program, called Women on Wheels (WOW), teaches women how to operate two-wheelers, or motorcycles. Rashid hopes her life will change after she learns how to ride a motorcycle.
莱巴·拉希德 (Laiba Rashid) 是一名 22 岁的巴基斯坦学生，正在拉合尔市参加特殊培训项目。该项目名为“Women on Wheels”（WOW），教女性如何操作两轮车或摩托车。拉希德希望在学会骑摩托车后她的生活会改变。
Although the program is 7 years old, it is still rare to see women ride motorcycles. In the Islamic nation, it is more common to see women driving cars or riding in the back of two-wheelers operated by a male relative. The WOW program is offered free by the Lahore traffic police.
虽然这个节目已经有7年了，但还是很少看到女性骑摩托车的。在伊斯兰国家，更常见的是女性驾驶汽车或乘坐男性亲戚驾驶的两轮车。WOW 计划由拉合尔交警免费提供。
"I hope this will change my life because I am dependent on my brother to pick me up and drop me to college," Rashid said on her first day at WOW.
“我希望这会改变我的生活，因为我依赖我的兄弟来接我并送我上大学，”拉希德在 WOW 的第一天说道。
She said she wants to buy a motorcycle to go to college, adding that, before, there were no women drivers in her family. "Now everybody is convinced that women should be independent in their movement to schools, jobs and markets," she said.
她说，她想买一辆摩托车去上大学，并补充说，以前她家里没有女司机。“现在每个人都相信，女性在进入学校、工作和市场时应该独立，”她说。
Bushra Iqbal Hussain is a social activist and director of Safe Childhood. Hussain said women driving two-wheelers has been a cultural and religious taboo. But, she said, more women are now changing the culture like they did in the 1980s with regular cars to reduce their dependence on men to move around.
布什拉·伊克巴尔·侯赛因 (Bushra Iqbal Hussain) 是一位社会活动家，也是安全童年组织的主任。侯赛因说，女性驾驶两轮车一直是一种文化和宗教禁忌。但是，她说，现在越来越多的女性正在改变这种文化，就像 20 世纪 80 年代那样，她们使用普通汽车，以减少对男性出行的依赖。
The WOW program has been in operation since 2017. But it has become increasingly popular in recent months as car prices have greatly increased and motorcycles offer a less costly choice.
WOW 计划自 2017 年开始实施。但近几个月来，随着汽车价格大幅上涨以及摩托车提供了更便宜的选择，该计划变得越来越受欢迎。
The cheapest four-wheel vehicle in Pakistan costs about $8,265 compared to about $1,345 for a Chinese-made two-wheeler. The average yearly income per person in Pakistan is $1,696.
巴基斯坦最便宜的四轮车售价约为 8,265 美元，而中国制造的两轮车售价约为 1,345 美元。巴基斯坦人均年收入为 1,696 美元。
Sohail Mudassar is a traffic official in Lahore. He said the WOW program has trained at least 6,600 women, and Rashid's group was the 86th since it started. Female trainer Humaira Rafaqat added, "Young women are quick learners because they are enthusiastic and take risks."
Sohail Mudassar 是拉合尔的一名交通官员。他说，WOW 项目已经培训了至少 6,600 名女性，拉希德的团队是该项目启动以来的第 86 个团队。女教练胡迈拉·拉法卡特 (Humaira Rafaqat) 补充道：“年轻女性学习速度很快，因为她们充满热情并敢于冒险。
”One of them, Ghania Raza, is a 23-year-old who is working toward a doctorate in criminology. She said learning to ride a two-wheeler gave her a deep sense of achievement and empowerment: "It was like breaking a glass ceiling," she said.
其中一名 23 岁的加尼亚·拉扎 (Ghania Raza) 正在攻读犯罪学博士学位。她说，学习骑两轮车给了她一种深深的成就感和力量：“这就像打破了玻璃天花板，”她说。
Shumaila Shafiq is a 36-year-old mother of three and a part-time clothing designer. She said she has been riding her husband's motorcycle to the market and other places after training in the program.
Shumaila Shafiq 是一位 36 岁的三个孩子的母亲，也是一名兼职服装设计师。她说，在项目培训后，她一直骑着丈夫的摩托车去市场和其他地方。
Shafiq has also designed a short-length abaya for Muslim women to wear while operating a motorcycle. She said the long abaya is dangerous because it may get caught in the wheels of the motorcycle.
沙菲克还设计了一款短款长袍，供穆斯林女性在驾驶摩托车时穿着。她说长袍很危险，因为它可能会被摩托车的轮子卡住。
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Every Friday, musician Enes Salman performs the Sevdalinka, an ancient form of love song from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
每周五，音乐家埃内斯·萨尔曼 (Enes Salman) 都会演奏《塞夫达林卡》(Sevdalinka)，这是一种来自波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的古老情歌。
Sevdalinka was recently included in UNESCO's National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage. UNESCO is The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
塞夫达林卡最近被列入联合国教科文组织国家非物质文化遗产名录。联合国教科文组织是联合国教育、科学及文化组织。
Sevdalinka is often called the Balkan Blues. It is a somewhat sad form of urban love song that dates to the 1500s. It is a mix of South Slavic spoken poetry and music of the Ottoman Empire.
塞夫达林卡通常被称为巴尔干蓝调。这是一种有点悲伤的都市情歌，其历史可以追溯到 1500 年代。它融合了南斯拉夫口语诗歌和奥斯曼帝国的音乐。
Salman is among only a few musicians keeping the tradition alive.
萨尔曼是少数保持这一传统的音乐家之一。
"I have been playing and singing Sevdalinka since I was 14," he said before a recent performance.
“我从 14 岁起就开始演奏和演唱《塞夫达林卡》，”他在最近的一场演出前说道。
Sevdalinka is often performed a cappella. That means it is sung without musical instruments. Sometimes the performer sings with traditional instruments like a lute. This form, or genre, of music has been carried from generation to generation through performances at family gatherings.
塞夫达林卡经常进行无伴奏合唱。这意味着它是在没有乐器的情况下演唱的。有时表演者用鲁特琴等传统乐器唱歌。这种音乐形式或流派通过家庭聚会的表演代代相传。
In recent years, younger musicians have brought modern versions of Sevdalinka to audiences around the world.
近年来，年轻的音乐家将现代版本的塞夫达林卡带给世界各地的观众。
One of them is Damir Imamovic. His father and grandfather were famous Sevdalinka performers. In 2020 and 2021, Imamovic won awards from two world music publications, Songlines and Transglobal, for best European album.
达米尔·伊莫维奇就是其中之一。他的父亲和祖父都是著名的塞夫达林卡表演者。2020年和2021年，伊莫维奇荣获Songlines和Transglobal两家世界音乐出版物颁发的最佳欧洲专辑奖。
Imamovic supports Sevdalinka internationally through his SevdahLab project. The project helped build support for the music's inclusion on UNESCO's World Heritage list.
Imamovic 通过他的 SevdahLab 项目在国际上支持 Sevdalinka。该项目为将音乐列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录提供了支持。
"I realized how little the public knows about the Sevdalinka genre and wanted to reveal the story behind that music," he said.
“我意识到公众对塞夫达林卡流派知之甚少，因此想揭示这种音乐背后的故事，”他说。
Zanin Berbic is a 28-year-old ethno-musicologist. He works as a curator in the music department of Bosnia's Regional Museum in Sarajevo, organizing, protecting, and bringing attention to music. He also plays saz, a long-necked lute used in Ottoman classical music. He said that Sevdalinka tells the story of Bosnia's history.
Zanin Berbic 是一位 28 岁的民族音乐学家。他在萨拉热窝波斯尼亚地区博物馆音乐部担任策展人，负责组织、保护音乐并引起人们对音乐的关注。他还演奏萨兹（saz），一种奥斯曼古典音乐中使用的长颈鲁特琴。他说，《塞夫达林卡》讲述了波斯尼亚的历史故事。
Berbic said, "Most of my days I spend either singing or playing Sevdalinka songs or reading or talking about them. Sevdalinka is my life," he said.
贝尔比奇说：“我大部分时间都在唱歌或演奏塞夫达林卡歌曲，或者阅读或谈论它们。塞夫达林卡就是我的生活，”他说。
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An advert will be banned from being put online or played on the television before 9pm if the food item it promotes falls into one of 13 categories, and if analysis of its nutrients, such as salt, fat and sugar, lead to it being classified as less healthy on a government scoring system.
如果宣传的食品属于规定的 13 个品类之内，并且该食品的营养成分，如盐、脂肪和糖，含量分析结果在监管部门的评分系统中被分类为 “不够健康”，那么含有这些食品的广告将被禁止在晚上 9 点前在在线平台或电视频道中播放。
The focus on the product, which was set in legislation passed by the last government, means a fast-food chain, for example, would still be free to advertise without restrictions, as long as it didn't show any of its burgers, fries or other less healthy offerings.
由于上届政府通过的法案只强调了产品本身，因此诸如连锁快餐等商家只要不让汉堡包、薯条或其他不够健康的产品出现在广告中，就依然能够免受限制继续投放广告。
A spokesperson for the Department for Health and Social Care said the ban was clear – that unhealthy food products, which are excessively high in sugar, fat or salt were covered in the restrictions, but that it did not restrict brands from advertising, provided any products they feature met the conditions set.
英国卫生和社会保障部的一名发言人表示，本次禁令明确限制了含有过量糖、脂肪和盐的不健康食品的广告；但并不限制任何品牌打广告，只要它们的广告中出现的食品符合要求。
词汇表
banned 禁止
classified 分类
legislation 法案，立法
fast-food chain 连锁快餐
restrictions 限制
offerings （用于销售的）产品
spokesperson 发言人
excessively 过量的，过多的
feature （在某个内容中）出现，以…为主要组成部分
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For a term that's gained ground with millennials and Gen Z, the word 'manifest' actually dates back to the 1300s. Back then it was an adjective meaning 'clear' or 'obvious'. You can spot it in William Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, even in the work of Geoffrey Chaucer. Nowadays, 'manifest' has a totally new meaning – the idea that, through the power of belief, we can effectively think a goal into becoming reality.
作为一个在千禧一代和 Z 世代人群中广为普及的流行词汇，“manifest” 这个词实际上最早可以追溯到 14 世纪。在当时，“manifest” 是一个形容词，意思是 “清晰的” 或 “明显的”。你可以在莎士比亚的 “威尼斯商人”、甚至是杰弗里·乔叟的诗集中找到它。现如今，“manifest” 有了一个崭新的意思——相信通过坚定的信念能让目标变为现实。
Although positive thinking, self-affirmation and goal-setting all have beneficial effects, some psychologists have argued manifestation could lead to unrealistic expectations, even obsessive behaviour. Nevertheless, the term has gained traction on social media, and this year on the Cambridge Dictionary website it was looked up almost 130,000 times.
虽然正面思考、自我肯定和目标设定这些做法都具有积极的影响，但心理学家认为 “manifestation” 这种 “相信通过信念能够让目标成为现实的做法” 可能会让人产生不切实际的期望，甚至出现强迫行为。尽管如此，“manifest” 还是在社交媒体上获得了大量的支持和认可。今年，在剑桥词典网站上搜索该词的次数接近 13 万次。
词汇表
gained ground 普及
dates back 追溯
spot 发现
self-affirmation 自我肯定
goal-setting 目标设定
obsessive 强迫性的，着迷的
gained traction 获得支持或认可
looked up 搜索
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"Dinner's ready!" Do you recognise that familiar call for everyone to gather round the table and tuck in? Whether it's a takeaway with friends or a family get-together during holiday seasons, humans have been eating together for thousands of years. But why?
“晚饭准备好了！” 您是否记得那个熟悉的号召大家围坐在桌子旁吃饭？无论是与朋友的外卖还是节日期间的家庭聚会，人类一起吃饭的历史已有数千年之久。但为什么？
The discovery of fire may have kickstarted communal eating for our hunter-gatherer ancestors, according to primatologist Richard Wrangham. Cooking a meal all those years ago required a social group – you needed someone to hunt the food, someone to protect the food from thieves or predators, and of course, someone to cook. And once enjoying the feast, evolutionary psychologist Robin Dunbar speculates that the fire's bright light may have given the humans longer nights and provided great opportunities for bonding over food.
灵长类动物学家理查德·兰厄姆表示，火的发现可能开启了我们以狩猎采集为生的祖先的集体饮食。多年前，做饭需要一个社会团体——你需要有人来寻找食物，有人来保护食物免遭小偷或掠夺者的侵害，当然，还需要有人来做饭。进化心理学家罗宾·邓巴（Robin Dunbar）在享用完这场盛宴后推测，火的明亮光芒可能让人类拥有了更长的夜晚，并为通过食物建立联系提供了绝佳的机会。
But modern humans don't face the same threats as we used to – we can cook and eat a meal by ourselves. So why should we still make group meals a ritual? In Dunbar's 2017 study 'Breaking Bread: the Functions of Social Eating', they found communal eating increased feelings of wellbeing and connectedness with the community. Despite this, the study found a third of weekday evening meals in the UK are eaten in isolation – the main cause being busy work schedules.
但现代人类不再像以前那样面临同样的威胁——我们可以自己做饭、吃饭。那么为什么我们还要把集体聚餐变成一种仪式呢？在 Dunbar 2017 年的研究“Breaking Bread：社交饮食的功能”中，他们发现集体饮食可以增加幸福感以及与社区的联系。尽管如此，研究发现英国工作日晚餐的三分之一是单独吃的——主要原因是繁忙的工作日程。
Today's reality is that having meals together can be difficult. Time management, fussy eaters, and family tensions are all things that can get in the way. But, in an article about overthinking family meals, Susannah Ayre and colleagues write 'Five tips to ease the pressure', including dropping the need for perfection. "There is no shame in reheating a frozen meal" or "eating on a picnic rug in the living room".
今天的现实是一起吃饭可能很困难。时间管理、挑食和家庭关系紧张等因素都可能成为阻碍。但是，在一篇关于过度考虑家庭膳食的文章中，苏珊娜·艾尔和同事写了“缓解压力的五个技巧”，其中包括放弃对完美的需求。“重新加热冷冻食品”或“在客厅的野餐地毯上吃东西”并不丢脸。
Sharing meals may look different today than it did for our ancestors, but the essence stays the same: food is more than just fuel. It can be a way to connect, share stories and strengthen bonds.
今天的分享膳食可能看起来与我们祖先的情况有所不同，但本质是一样的：食物不仅仅是燃料。它可以成为联系、分享故事和加强联系的一种方式。
词汇表
gather round 聚到一起
tuck in 痛快地吃
takeaway 外卖
get-together 团聚，聚会
communal 群体的，集体的
hunter-gatherer 狩猎采集者
feast 盛宴
bond 建立纽带
ritual 仪式
wellbeing 身心健康
connectedness 连结性，联系感
isolation 独立，孤立
fussy 挑剔的，难以取悦的
tension 矛盾，紧张的关系
reheat 再次加热
picnic 野餐
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The scientists said their new findings on the mixing and mating of the groups suggested the activities happened a little more recently than thought in the past. They believe the contact continued over many generations.
科学家们表示，他们关于这些群体混合和交配的新发现表明，这些活动发生的时间比过去想象的要晚一些。他们相信这种接触持续了好几代人。
Priya Moorjani was co-writer of the study appearing in Science. She is an assistant professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. She told Reuters, “Genetic data from these samples really helps us paint a picture in more and more detail.”
Priya Moorjani 是发表在《科学》杂志上的这项研究的合著者。她是加州大学伯克利分校分子和细胞生物学助理教授。她告诉路透社，“这些样本的基因数据确实帮助我们越来越详细地描绘了一幅图景。”
The team noted that it is difficult to know the exact nature of the interactions between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals based on the examined data. The researchers also could not confirm exactly where the mixing and mating happened. However, they believe it was most likely somewhere in the Middle East.
研究小组指出，根据检查的数据很难了解智人和尼安德特人之间相互作用的确切性质。研究人员也无法确定混合和交配发生的确切位置。然而，他们认为它很可能在中东某个地方。
The researchers noted most modern humans still have genetic material from Neanderthals that accounts for an estimated one to two percent of their DNA. They said modern-day genetic traits linked to skin color, hair color and even nose shape can relate back to the Neanderthals. Our genetic makeup also includes links to another group of human ancestors called Denisovans.
研究人员指出，大多数现代人类仍然拥有来自尼安德特人的遗传物质，估计占其 DNA 的百分之一到百分之二。他们说，与肤色、头发颜色甚至鼻子形状相关的现代遗传特征可以追溯到尼安德特人。我们的基因构成还包括与另一群人类祖先（丹尼索瓦人）的联系。
Moorjani noted that the history of Neanderthals living outside Africa for thousands of years likely gave them a greater ability to deal with climate and diseases in new environments. “Some of their genes may have been beneficial to modern humans,” she added.
穆尔贾尼指出，尼安德特人在非洲以外生活了数千年的历史可能使他们在新环境中应对气候和疾病的能力更强。“它们的一些基因可能对现代人类有益，”她补充道。
Rick Potts is director of the Smithsonian Institution’s Human Origins program. He was not involved in the new research. Potts told The Associated Press he hopes future genetic studies can help scientists learn even more details about the interactions of Neanderthals and modern humans.
里克·波茨 (Rick Potts) 是史密森学会人类起源项目的主任。他没有参与这项新研究。波茨告诉美联社，他希望未来的基因研究能够帮助科学家了解更多关于尼安德特人和现代人类相互作用的细节。
He said, “Out of many really compelling areas of scientific investigation, one of them is: well, who are we?”
他说：“在许多真正引人注目的科学研究领域中，其中之一是：嗯，我们是谁？”
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Scientists have used ancient genes to learn more details about contact between Neanderthals and humans tens of thousands of years ago.
科学家利用古代基因来了解数万年前尼安德特人与人类接触的更多细节。
Results of two recent studies estimate the two groups likely met and began mating about 45,000 years ago.
最近两项研究的结果估计，这两个群体很可能在大约 45,000 年前相遇并开始交配。
Modern humans – also known as Homo sapiens – began in Africa hundreds of thousands of years ago and later started spreading to Europe, Asia and other places. Scientists believe that at some point, they met and mated with Neanderthals. The mixing of these groups had a major influence on humans’ genetic code.
现代人类（也称为智人）数十万年前起源于非洲，后来开始传播到欧洲、亚洲和其他地方。科学家认为，在某个时候，他们与尼安德特人相遇并交配。这些群体的混合对人类的遗传密码产生了重大影响。
However, scientists do not know exactly when or how the two groups interacted. But the two new studies provide some additional details about the timing of this contact.
然而，科学家们并不确切知道这两个群体何时或如何相互作用。但这两项新研究提供了有关这次接触时间的一些额外细节。
One group of scientists examined genetic material from three female and three male Homo sapien individuals who lived around 45,000 years ago. Reuters news agency reported that research involved the oldest genes from Homo sapiens ever examined, or sequenced.
一组科学家检查了生活在 45,000 年前的三名女性和三名男性智人的遗传物质。路透社报道称，这项研究涉及迄今为止检查或测序过的智人最古老的基因。
Some of the genes came from bones found in a cave in the central German village of Ranis. Other material came from a woman believed to have lived at around the same time in a cave in a mountainous area of what is now the Czech Republic.
一些基因来自在德国中部拉尼斯村庄的一个洞穴中发现的骨头。其他材料来自一位妇女，据信她大约在同一时期住在现在捷克共和国山区的一个洞穴里。
Researchers estimated the period of mixing between Neanderthals and humans at about 49,000 to 45,000 years ago. The findings were recently published in a study in Nature.
研究人员估计尼安德特人和人类的混合时期约为 49,000 至 45,000 年前。该研究结果最近发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究中。
A second group of researchers examined genetic material from 300 present-day and ancient Homo sapiens. This included 59 individuals who lived between 2,000 and 45,000 years ago. That study, published in the journal Science, estimated the period of mixing at about 50,500 to 43,500 years ago.
第二组研究人员检查了 300 名现代和古代智人的遗传物质。其中包括生活在 2,000 至 45,000 年前的 59 个人。这项发表在《科学》杂志上的研究估计，混合时期约为 50,500 至 43,500 年前。
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If keeping the plant looking normal is important, prune each branch or stem individually at uneven heights. It is also possible to cut back one-third of the plant's branches each year for three years. That method would have the least severe effect but requires the most patience.
如果保持植物看起来正常很重要，请在不均匀的高度处单独修剪每个树枝或茎。也可以在三年内每年砍掉三分之一的植物枝条。这种方法的影响最轻，但需要最大的耐心。
Evergreen trees and shrubs should only undergo light pruning such as the shortening of individual branches. Take care to avoid pruning too much or creating holes in evergreen plants and trees. With the exception of yews, they do not regrow from such damage.
常绿树木和灌木只能进行轻微修剪，例如缩短个别树枝。注意避免修剪过多或在常绿植物和树木上留下洞。除紫杉外，它们不会因这种损坏而重新生长。
Now that you have taken care of pruning, turn your attention to the soil.
现在您已经完成了修剪工作，接下来将注意力转向土壤。
Test the soil's pH, or its acidity level. Do this to make sure the soil is good for the plants you plan to add. Test kits are available at local garden stores and online. In the United States, a cooperative extension service might provide soil testing and soil-amendment advice for a small cost. Cooperative extension services are part of a Department of Agriculture system that includes some universities. It aims to help farmers and people interested in plants.
测试土壤的 pH 值或酸度水平。这样做可以确保土壤适合您计划添加的植物。测试套件可在当地花园商店和网上购买。在美国，合作推广服务可能会以较低的成本提供土壤测试和土壤改良建议。合作推广服务是农业部系统的一部分，该系统还包括一些大学。它旨在帮助农民和对植物感兴趣的人们。
If the soil is hard, break it up with a machine or hand tools. Finally, spread five to seven centimeters of compost over the area. As it breaks down, nutrients will work their way into the soil.
如果土壤坚硬，请用机器或手动工具将其破碎。最后，在该区域撒上五到七厘米的堆肥。当它分解时，养分会进入土壤。
After completing these steps, it will be time to plant your new garden. Choose new trees, shrubs or perennials, that will not grow wildly. Dig holes as deep as their roots but two times as wide and space them out to their expected full-grown sizes. Native plants are good because they need little added water or special care.
完成这些步骤后，就可以种植新花园了。选择不会疯狂生长的新树木、灌木或多年生植物。挖洞的深度与根部一样深，但宽度是其根部的两倍，并将它们间隔到预期的成熟尺寸。本土植物很好，因为它们几乎不需要添加水或特殊护理。
Plant groundcover – short, spreading plants – to cover the ground and keep weeds from growing and the soil from drying out. It might take one or two years, but a step-by-step approach will make gardening a joy again.
植物地被植物——矮小的、蔓延的植物——覆盖地面，防止杂草生长和土壤干燥。这可能需要一两年的时间，但循序渐进的方法将使园艺再次成为一种乐趣。
And, perhaps best of all, you will see something beautiful when you look outside from your home.
而且，也许最重要的是，当您从家里向外看时，您会看到一些美丽的东西。
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Drug use among teenagers has continued to drop since the early years of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large national study says.
一项大型全国性研究表明，自 COVID-19 大流行初期以来，青少年吸毒人数持续下降。
The federally financed Monitoring the Future study has been carried out yearly since 1975. However, the study only started measuring abstinence – the practice of rejecting alcohol or recreational drug use – in 2017.
联邦资助的“监测未来”研究自 1975 年以来每年进行一次。然而，该研究直到 2017 年才开始衡量戒酒情况，即拒绝饮酒或消遣性药物的使用。
This year’s findings are based on answers from about 24,000 students in grades 8, 10 and 12 in schools across the United States.
今年的调查结果基于美国各地学校约 24,000 名 8、10 和 12 年级学生的回答。
One major finding: About 66 percent of 12th graders said they had not used alcohol, marijuana, and traditional or electronic cigarettes in the previous 30 days.
一项重大发现：约 66% 的 12 年级学生表示，他们在过去 30 天内没有使用酒精、大麻以及传统或电子烟。
That share, or proportion, of students is the largest since the yearly study started measuring abstinence.
这一比例是自年度研究开始衡量禁欲率以来最大的学生比例。
The study is “one of the best, if not the best” source of national data for substance use by teens, said Noah Kreski. Kreski is a Columbia University data analyst who has studied teen drug use.
诺亚·克雷斯基 (Noah Kreski) 表示，这项研究是“最好的，即使不是最好的”国家青少年药物使用数据来源。 克雷斯基是哥伦比亚大学的数据分析师，研究青少年吸毒情况。
Among 10th graders, 80 percent said they had not used alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes or e-cigarettes recently, another record. Among 8th graders, 90 percent did not use any of them, the same as was reported in the previous study.
在十年级学生中，80% 的人表示他们最近没有使用酒精、大麻、香烟或电子烟，这是另一项记录。 在八年级学生中，90% 的学生没有使用任何这些工具，这与之前的研究报告的情况相同。
The only major increase found was in the use of nicotine pouches, small, white containers of nicotine which users place in their mouths. About 6 percent of 12th graders said they had used that form of nicotine in the past year, up from about 3 percent in 2023.
唯一发现的主要增加是尼古丁袋的使用，这是使用者放入口中的小型白色尼古丁容器。 大约 6% 的 12 年级学生表示，他们在过去一年中使用过这种形式的尼古丁，而 2023 年这一比例约为 3%。
Whether that has the makings of a new public health problem is unclear. The University of Michigan’s Richard Miech, who leads the study, said: “It’s hard to know if we’re seeing the start of something, or not.”
目前尚不清楚这是否会引发新的公共卫生问题。 领导这项研究的密歇根大学理查德·米奇表示：“很难知道我们是否看到了某些事情的开始。”
Early in the pandemic, students across the country were told not to go to schools and to avoid parties or other gatherings. Alcohol and drug use of all kinds dropped likely because use most often happens in friend group settings. Friends often influence each other to use drugs, experts say.
在疫情爆发初期，全国各地的学生都被告知不要去学校，并避免参加聚会或其他聚会。 各种酒精和药物的使用可能会下降，因为使用最常发生在朋友群体中。 专家表示，朋友之间经常会影响彼此吸毒。
As lockdowns ended, “I think everyone expected at least a partial rebound,” Miech said.
随着封锁结束，“我认为每个人都预计至少会有部分反弹，”米奇说。
Even before the pandemic, there were decreases in teen cigarette smoking, drinking and the use of several kinds of drugs. Experts suggested that teens were staying home as opposed to spending time in social settings, in which use of illegal substances is more likely.
甚至在大流行之前，青少年吸烟、饮酒和使用多种药物的情况就已经减少。 专家建议，青少年呆在家里，而不是花时间在社交场合，因为社交场合更有可能使用非法药物。
But marijuana use was not falling before the pandemic. And vaping was increasing. It was only during the pandemic that those activities began to decrease also.
但在大流行之前，大麻的使用并没有下降。 电子烟的使用量正在增加。 只是在大流行期间，这些活动也开始减少。
Some experts wonder if the pandemic lockdowns had a deeper influence.
一些专家想知道大流行的封锁是否产生了更深层次的影响。
Miech noted that a lot of teens who experiment with e-cigarettes or drugs start in the 9th grade, sometimes because older children are doing it. But the children who were 9th graders during the lockdowns never picked up the activity. And they never had the opportunity to turn into negative influencers of their younger classmates, he said.
米奇指出，许多尝试电子烟或毒品的青少年从九年级开始，有时是因为年龄较大的孩子也在这样做。 但封锁期间九年级的孩子们从未参加过这项活动。 他说，他们从来没有机会成为年轻同学的负面影响者。
“The pandemic stopped the cycle of new kids coming in and being recruited to drug use,” Miech said.
米奇说：“这场大流行病阻止了新孩子进入并被招募吸毒的循环。”
Mental health may also play a part. There were increased reports of depression and anxiety in kids after the pandemic began. Depression is often linked with substance use, but some people with depression and anxiety are very cautious about experimenting with drugs, said Dr. Duncan Clark. Clark is a University of Pittsburgh medical doctor who researches substance use in kids.
心理健康也可能发挥一定作用。 大流行开始后，关于儿童抑郁和焦虑的报道有所增加。 邓肯·克拉克博士说，抑郁症通常与药物滥用有关，但一些患有抑郁症和焦虑症的人对尝试药物非常谨慎。 克拉克是匹兹堡大学的一名医生，研究儿童药物滥用问题。
“Some teens with anxiety are worried about the effects of substances. They may also be socially inhibited and have less opportunity to use drugs,” Clark said.
“一些患有焦虑症的青少年担心药物的影响。 他们也可能受到社交抑制，吸毒的机会较少，”克拉克说。
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What is the best way to repair an overgrown garden?
修复杂草丛生的花园的最佳方法是什么？
Garden expert for the Associated Press Jessica Damiano believes she knows the answer.
美联社花园专家杰西卡·达米亚诺相信她知道答案。
Here are some of her suggestions for making big improvements. Planning in the autumn and winter months can help you see something much more beautiful next winter:
以下是她提出的一些重大改进的建议。秋季和冬季的计划可以帮助您在明年冬天看到更美丽的景色：
First, take a notebook with you and walk around the garden. Look carefully at each part. Try to decide which plants can be saved, which to throw away, and which ones require attention. Make a list as soon as you can.
首先，带上笔记本，在花园里走走。仔细看每个部分。尝试决定哪些植物可以保留，哪些可以扔掉，哪些需要注意。尽快列一个清单。
Dead plants, weeds and invasive plants should be first to go. If the weather permits, dig them out, removing as much of their root systems as possible. Otherwise, wait until spring to do this before planting.
死去的植物、杂草和入侵植物应该首先被清除。如果天气允许，将它们挖出来，尽可能多地去除根系。否则，请等到春天再进行种植。
Next, remove and give away healthy plants that you do not want. Online groups and neighborhood web pages are places to find people to receive the plants. Many people will even be willing to do the digging if it means getting a free plant.
接下来，移除并放弃您不想要的健康植物。在线群组和社区网页是寻找接收植物的人的地方。如果这意味着获得免费的植物，许多人甚至愿意进行挖掘。
If the garden is full of plants, shrubs, trees and vines that have grown wild, you might need to use a chainsaw or heavy machine.
如果花园里长满了野生植物、灌木、树木和藤蔓，您可能需要使用链锯或重型机器。
If there are a lot of weeds or if you want to create new garden beds, you can cover the existing vegetation rather than dig it up. Decide the size and shape of the area you want to make into a new bed.
如果杂草很多或者您想创建新的花园床，您可以覆盖现有的植被而不是将其挖掉。确定您想要制作新床的区域的大小和形状。
Cover that area with cardboard or lots of newspaper. Put about seven centimeters of compost and five centimeters of mulch on top of it. You can start in the autumn and leave it there over the winter until planting time in the spring.
用纸板或大量报纸覆盖该区域。在上面放大约七厘米的堆肥和五厘米的覆盖物。您可以从秋季开始，将其留在那里过冬，直到春季播种。
When it is time to plant, cut holes in the cardboard or paper big enough for the roots of your plants. The covering over the ground will keep most weeds from growing. Some weeds may break through and require pulling or more cardboard, Damiano said.
种植时，在纸板或纸张上切出足够大的孔，以容纳植物的根部。地面上的覆盖物可以防止大多数杂草生长。达米亚诺说，一些杂草可能会突破并需要拔除或更多纸板。
Healthy but overgrown or unproductive deciduous shrubs can be brought back to life by pruning. “Deciduous” means that the plants lose their leaves during the winter season. The best time to prune many plants is when their branches are bare in late winter.
健康但杂草丛生或生产力低下的落叶灌木可以通过修剪恢复生机。“落叶”是指植物在冬季落叶。修剪许多植物的最佳时间是在冬末树枝光秃秃的时候。
Choosing a pruning method will require weighing appearance against the time it will take to recover. The fastest and most severe method would be to cut the whole plant down just above ground level. Although extreme, many shrubs can deal with this form of pruning and will bounce back stronger.
选择修剪方法需要权衡外观与恢复所需的时间。最快、最严厉的方法是将整个植物砍倒在地面以上。尽管极端，但许多灌木可以应对这种形式的修剪，并且会反弹得更强。
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Nearly half of American teenagers – children ages 13 to 17 - say they are online “constantly” despite concerns about the effects of social media and smartphones on their mental health.
尽管担心社交媒体和智能手机对心理健康的影响，但近一半的美国青少年（13 至 17 岁的儿童）表示，他们“经常”上网。
The information comes from a report that was recently released by the Pew Research Center.
该信息来自皮尤研究中心最近发布的一份报告。
As in past years, YouTube was the most popular platform teenagers used. Around 90 percent said they watched videos on the website, down slightly from 95 percent in 2022. Nearly 75 percent of those questioned said they visit YouTube every day.
与过去几年一样，YouTube 是青少年最常用的平台。大约 90% 的受访者表示他们在网站上观看了视频，略低于 2022 年的 95%。近 75% 的受访者表示他们每天都会访问 YouTube。
There was a small downward change in several popular apps teens used. For example, 63 percent of teens said they used TikTok, down from 67 percent. Snapchat use went to 55 percent from 59 percent. This small decline could be due to pandemic-era restrictions easing up and kids having more time to see friends in person. But the change is probably not big enough to be truly meaningful.
青少年使用的几个流行应用程序出现了小幅下降。例如，63% 的青少年表示他们使用 TikTok，低于 67%。Snapchat 的使用率从 59% 上升到 55%。这一小幅下降可能是由于大流行时期限制的放松以及孩子们有更多时间亲自见到朋友。但这种变化可能还不够大，不足以产生真正的意义。
X saw the biggest decline among teenage users. Only 17 percent of teenagers said they use X, down from 23 percent in 2022, the year Elon Musk bought the platform.
X 在青少年用户中下降幅度最大。只有 17% 的青少年表示他们使用 X，低于 2022 年埃隆·马斯克 (Elon Musk) 购买该平台的 23%。
Reddit usage remained the same at 14 percent. About 6 percent of teenagers said they use Threads, Meta’s answer to X that launched in 2023.
Reddit 使用率保持不变，为 14%。大约 6% 的青少年表示他们使用 Threads，这是 Meta 对 2023 年推出的 X 的回应。
The report comes as countries around the world try to understand the effects of social media on young people’s well-being.
该报告发布之际，世界各国都在试图了解社交媒体对年轻人福祉的影响。
Australia recently passed a law banning children under 16 from social networks. Still, it is unclear how the Australian government will be able to enforce the age limit. It is also unclear whether such a ban will come with unexpected or bad effects, such as isolating some children.
澳大利亚最近通过了一项法律，禁止 16 岁以下儿童使用社交网络。不过，目前尚不清楚澳大利亚政府将如何执行年龄限制。目前还不清楚这样的禁令是否会带来意想不到的或不良的影响，例如隔离一些儿童。
Meta’s messaging service WhatsApp was different in that it saw the number of teenage users increase to 23 percent from 17 percent in 2022.
Meta 的消息服务 WhatsApp 的不同之处在于，它的青少年用户数量从 2022 年的 17% 增加到了 23%。
Pew also asked teenagers how often they use different online platforms. A small but notable number said they are on them “almost constantly.” For YouTube, 15 percent reported constant use, for TikTok, 16 percent, and for Snapchat, 13 percent.
皮尤还询问了青少年使用不同在线平台的频率。一小部分但值得注意的人表示，他们“几乎一直”使用它们。15% 的人表示经常使用 YouTube，16% 的人表示经常使用 TikTok，13% 的人表示经常使用 Snapchat。
As in previous public opinion studies, girls were more likely to use TikTok almost constantly while boys went to YouTube. There was no meaningful gender difference in the use of Snapchat, Instagram and Facebook.
与之前的民意研究一样，女孩更有可能经常使用 TikTok，而男孩则更倾向于使用 YouTube。Snapchat、Instagram 和 Facebook 的使用没有显着的性别差异。
Around 25 percent of Black and Hispanic teens said they visit TikTok almost constantly, compared with just 8 percent of white teenagers.
大约 25% 的黑人和西班牙裔青少年表示，他们几乎经常访问 TikTok，而白人青少年的这一比例仅为 8%。
The report was based on a public opinion study of 1,391 U.S. teenagers that ran from September 18 to October 10, 2024.
该报告基于 2024 年 9 月 18 日至 10 月 10 日对 1,391 名美国青少年进行的民意研究。
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Karagianni also told the AP she learned about the Florida-based organization over the internet while she was searching for information on a pony she had rescued. After learning about the group’s activities, she got the idea to start her own operation.
卡拉贾尼还告诉美联社，她在搜索有关她救出的一匹小马的信息时，通过互联网了解到了这个位于佛罗里达州的组织。在了解了该组织的活动后，她萌生了自己创办公司的想法。
“I was touched and I was moved, and I said: ‘OK, we have to bring this to Greece,’” Karagianni said. So, she decided to make changes to her land to be able to care for the horses. She said she turned her property into what she calls a “Magic Garden.” She has everything she needs to care for the horses. She also runs a small restaurant and party area.
“我很感动，很感动，我说：‘好吧，我们必须把这个带到希腊，’”卡拉贾尼说。因此，她决定改变她的土地，以便能够照顾马匹。她说她把自己的财产变成了她所谓的“魔法花园”。她拥有照顾马匹所需的一切。她还经营一家小餐厅和派对区。
Karagianni launched her Greek group in 2014. She said the organization has served about 12,000 children since it began until the pandemic led to restrictions in 2020.
Karagianni 于 2014 年成立了她的希腊组织。她说，该组织自成立以来已为约 12,000 名儿童提供服务，直到 2020 年大流行导致限制。
The pandemic caused financial pressures and Karagianni herself faced a medical problem that hurt her ability to run the group. “I’m just starting to get myself back together again now,” she told the AP. “With a lot of financial difficulties. But what can I do? I’m trying.”
这场大流行造成了财务压力，卡拉贾尼本人也面临着健康问题，损害了她管理该集团的能力。“我现在才刚刚开始重新振作起来，”她告诉美联社。“有很多财务困难。但我能做什么呢？我想。”
Karagianni said she had contacted businesses and non-profit groups about financial help but has not been successful. She plans to continue to seek help. “I’m making super-human efforts,” Karagianni said. “I’m doing what I can. But I can’t do it alone,” she added.
卡拉吉安尼说，她已经联系企业和非营利组织寻求经济帮助，但没有成功。她计划继续寻求帮助。“我正在做出超人的努力，”卡拉贾尼说。“我正在尽我所能。但我无法独自做到这一点，”她补充道。
Karagianni said she keeps going because she sees the great benefits the children and adults receive from the animals.
卡拉贾尼说，她之所以坚持下去，是因为她看到了儿童和成人从动物那里得到的巨大好处。
At the special needs school, teacher Eleni Volikaki said she sees “incredible” reactions from the children. “It’s like something awakens their senses.” Volikaki noted the horses can often get students to make more progress than with other therapy methods.
在特殊需要学校，老师埃莱妮·沃利卡基 (Eleni Volikaki) 说，她看到孩子们的“难以置信”的反应。“就像有什么东西唤醒了他们的感官。” 沃利卡基指出，与其他治疗方法相比，马通常可以让学生取得更大的进步。
“We saw things we didn’t expect,” she said. “We saw children with autism, or children who are generally afraid of animals, coming very close, letting the (horses) get close to them.” Volikaki added.
“我们看到了意想不到的事情，”她说。“我们看到患有自闭症的孩子，或者一般害怕动物的孩子，非常靠近，让（马）靠近他们。” 沃利卡基补充道。
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