Afleveringen

  • Join us for a rundown of Pam's trip to Katmai and Fat Bear Jr 2024!


    Head to www.fatbearweek.org to cast your votes!


    http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


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  • Join us on today’s Microbruin for some animal news, a show update, and another quiz! This time Pam quizzes Salome on bear tracks. Quiz yourself alongside us (otherwise the 2nd half of this ep will make zero sense!) on:


    Instagram https://www.instagram.com/bearsandbrewspodcast/ or

    Facebook https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100094752400236

     

    Links We Discussed:


    CPW Predation Information: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRKBg2b1faK1Oi53O9HKe2EuaeT8lB9q0LpCOD8p6gyAE2YSH5MY-zlWo_uJdi0fTAD16DbmCBGbaax/pub


    Katmai bear 230 (Ben) splishin and splashin: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwmG4udxKR4


    Island Park is Bear Country: https://islandparkbears.org/


    Sources Cited:

    Macintyre, Barney. “British Baby Beaver Boom Brings Benefits.” Tortoise, 15 Aug. 2024, www.tortoisemedia.com/2024/08/15/british-baby-beaver-boom-brings-benefits/#:~:text=Baby%20beavers%20have%20been%20born,been%20spotted%20in%20the%20area.


    Mitchell, Wylee. “Three Wolf Pups Born to Reintroduced Colorado Wolves Were Caught on Camera.” Https://Www.Kkco11news.Com, 20 Aug. 2024, www.kkco11news.com/2024/08/20/3-wolf-pups-born-reintroduced-colorado-wolves-were-caught-camera/.


    Pace, David. “Air Park Fails to Land with P&Z Commissioners in Island Park.” East Idaho News, 28 Aug. 2024, www.eastidahonews.com/2024/08/air-park-fails-to-land-with-pz-commissioners-in-island-park/.


    “US Pacific Northwest Sees Huge Columbia River Sockeye Salmon Return.” Undercurrent News, 21 Aug. 2024, www.undercurrentnews.com/2024/08/21/us-pacific-northwest-sees-huge-columbia-river-sockeye-salmon-return/


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  • In today’s episode we focus on the badass adaptations that caribou have developed. We also discuss some of the basics of these ungulates and the difference between caribou and reindeer!


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Links We Discussed:

    Badass Caribou Adaptations: https://www.fws.gov/story/caribou-keep-it-cool-cold

    South Selkirk Mountain Caribou Updates: https://conservationnw.org/our-work/wildlife/mountain-caribou/

    Porcupine Caribou Herd Information: https://defendingthearcticrefuge.com/wildlife/

    Porcupine Caribou Management Board: https://pcmb.ca/


    Sources Cited:

    “Arctic Reindeer / Caribou - Facts and Adaptations Rangifer Tarandus.” Reindeer of the Arctic, Facts and Adaptations - Rangifer Tarandus, Also Called Caribou, www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/Arctic_animals/arctic-reindeer-caribou.php.


    Bishop, Sam. “Comprehending Caribou in the Oil Patch.” Aurora, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2023, www.uaf.edu/aurora/files/spring2023/Aurora-spring-2023-comprehending-caribou.pdf.


    Eickmeier, Ashly. “Woodland Caribou.” Species Conservation, State of Idaho, 23 Mar. 2023, species.idaho.gov/wildlife-species/woodland-caribou/.

    “Migration.” Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB), 27 July 2021, pcmb.ca/migration/.


    Peterson, Jan. “Southern Mountain Caribou Make a Comeback: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.Gov, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 6 Sept. 2023, www.fws.gov/story/2023-09/southern-mountain-caribou-make-comeback#:~:text=The%20Central%20Selkirk%20herd%20had,2021%2C%20only%2028%20caribou%20remained.


    Ross, Evan. “Oil Development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Will Affect Wildlife.” DEBATING SCIENCE, COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST, 19 Apr. 2016, websites.umass.edu/natsci397a-eross/oil-development-in-the-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge-will-affect-wildlife/#:~:text=Research%20has%20shown%20that%20caribou%20exhibit%20avoidance,(such%20as%20oil%20development%20infrastructure)%20which%20has.


    “Southern Mountain Caribou Listed as Endangered.” Conservation Northwest - Protecting, Connecting and Restoring Wildlands and Wildlife, 3 Oct. 2019, conservationnw.org/news-updates/southern-mountain-caribou-endangered/.


    Sweeney, Brittany. “Caribou Keep It Cool in the Cold: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.Gov, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, https://www.fws.gov/story/caribou-keep-it-cool-cold


    Whitten, Kenneth R, and Wayne L Regelin. “Movement Patterns of the Porcupine Caribou Herd in Relation to Oil Development.” Alaska Department of Fish & Game , Oct. 1988, www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/home/library/pdfs/wildlife/federal_aid/88_ca_porc_whitten_regelin.pdf.


    Wiles, Gary J. “Periodic Status Review for the Woodland Caribou - WDFW.” Washington Department of FISH AND WILDLIFE Wildlife Program, State of Washington, Jan. 2017, wdfw.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/01852/wdfw01852.pdf.


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  • Is it bad to name wild animals? On this Microbruin we go over some pros and cons, as well as some local Yellowstone wildlife updates (that are three weeks old at this point!)


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Sources Cited:


    Borkfelt, Sune. “What’s in a name?—consequences of naming non-human animals.” Animals, vol. 1, no. 1, 19 Jan. 2011, pp. 116–125, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani1010116.


    Fitz, Michael. “To Name or Not to Name?” National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 7 May 2015, www.nps.gov/katm/blogs/to-name-or-not-to-name.htm.


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  • Hot off the presses from recording a month ago, join us for the second part of our discussion about famous bears in Yellowstone!

    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Links We Discussed:


    https://cowboystatedaily.com/2022/05/23/grizzly-bear-attacked-by-mother-mate-in-yellowstone-national-park-service-euthanize/


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  • Join us for our not-so-sober coverage of the Wyoming Game & Fish Committee meeting that included public comments regarding the wolf torture in Daniel, Wyoming!


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast

     

    Links We Discussed:


    https://hawmr.com/

    https://www.relistwolves.org/

    https://www.wolvesoftherockies.org/


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  • In today's episode we cover some of the famous bears living in and around Grand Teton National Park, and Salome teaches us about one of the most famous bears in history. Grab a drink and enjoy!


    http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


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  • Join us for this Not-So-Microbruin where we discuss the recent events out of Daniel, Wyoming, where an adolescent wolf was tortured and killed by POS Cody Roberts. This is definitely a bummer of an episode, but at least we say "f*ck" a lot. (We know what the people want!)


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Links We Discussed:

    https://www.change.org/p/demand-felony-charges-against-cody-roberts-for-animal-cruelty

    https://www.huntersandanglersforwildlifemanagementreform.com/

    https://www.relistwolves.org/

    https://trapfreemt.org/

    https://www.wolvesoftherockies.org/

    https://wyominguntrapped.org/


    Sources Cited:

    Butterfield, Alan. “Wyoming Town Defends Wolf Killer Cody Roberts Who Paraded Predator in Local Bar, Insisting the Animals Are a Danger to Their Way of Life.” Daily Mail Online, Associated Newspapers, 14 Apr. 2024, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13298397/Wyoming-town-defends-wolf-killer-Cody-Roberts.html.


    Koshmrl, Mike. “Eyewitness Describes Wyoming Wolf’s Final Hours in the Green River Bar.” WyoFile, WyoFile, 12 Apr. 2024, wyofile.com/eyewitness-describes-wyoming-wolfs-final-hours-in-the-green-river-bar/.

     


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  • You get a beaver, you get a beaver, you get a beaver! After a hiatus filled with moving, snowstorms, vacations, and another surgery WE ARE BACK, and you do not want to miss this inuendo-filled episode about America’s largest rodent. This episode is filled with some amazing facts, beaver bummers, merkin talk, and even zombies.


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Links We Discussed:

    https://beaversnw.org/

    https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/The-Beaver-Restoration-Guidebook-v2.02_0.pdf

    https://youtu.be/APLz2bTprMA


    Sources Cited:

    Doronina, Liliya, et al. “The Beaver’s phylogenetic lineage illuminated by Retroposon reads.” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, 3 Mar. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43562.


    Egly, Rachel M., and Eric R. Larson. “Distribution, habitat associations, and conservation status updates for the pilose crayfish Pacifastacus gambelii (Girard, 1852) and Snake River pilose crayfish Pacifastacus connectens (Faxon, 1914) of the western United States.” PeerJ, vol. 6, 27 Sept. 2018, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5668.


    Goldfarb, Ben. “Beavers Are the Ultimate Ecosystem Engineers.” Sierra Club, 3 July 2018, www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2018-4-july-august/feature/beavers-are-ultimate-ecosystem-engineers.


    Goldman, Jason. “Once Upon A Time, The Catholic Church Decided That Beavers Were Fish.” Scientific American, 23 May 2013, www.scientificamerican.com/blog/thoughtful-animal/once-upon-a-time-the-catholic-church-decided-that-beavers-were-fish/#:~:text=Since%20the%20semi%2Daquatic%20rodent,a%20fish%20for%20dietary%20purposes.


    Horn, Susanne, et al. “Mitochondrial genomes reveal slow rates of molecular evolution and the timing of speciation in Beavers (castor), one of the largest rodent species.” PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 1, 28 Jan. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014622.


    Kitchener, Andrew. Beavers. Whittet, 2001.


    Learn, Joshua. “Beaver Dams Control Nitrogen Flow in Northeastern Rivers.” The Wildlife Society, 19 Nov. 2015, wildlife.org/beaver-dams-control-nitrogen-flow-in-northeastern-rivers/.


    “N. America’s Earliest Beaver Found Near Dayville.” KTVZ, 19 Sept. 2011, web.archive.org/web/20110925014013/http:/www.ktvz.com/news/29230615/detail.html.

    Rozell, Ned. “Beavers Not Always to Blame for Beaver Fever.” University of Alaska Fairbanks, 19 Aug. 2021, www.uaf.edu/news/beavers-not-always-to-blame-for-fever-8-19-21.php.


    Tyrrell, Ethan. “How 200,000 Beavers Took over Part of Argentina.” Cracked.Com, Cracked.com, 24 Jan. 2022, www.cracked.com/article_32484_how-200000-beavers-took-over-part-of-argentina.html.


    “Why Super-Sized Beavers Went Extinct: Earth.” EarthSky, 2 June 2019, earthsky.org/earth/why-giant-beavers-went-extinct/.


    Wright, Samantha. “Parachuting Beavers into Idaho’s Wilderness? Yes, It Really Happened.” Boise State Public Radio, Boise State Public Radio, 14 Jan. 2015, www.boisestatepublicradio.org/environment/2015-01-14/parachuting-beavers-into-idahos-wilderness-yes-it-really-happened.


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  • Episode 4 of our wolf mini-series is LIT! Listen for even more snark and swearing than usual while we talk about some of the effects wolf reintroduction has had on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Sources Cited:


    Beschta, Bob, and William Ripple. “Studies Confirm Effect of Wolves, Elk on Tree Recovery in Yellowstone National Park.” Oregon State University, 25 Apr. 2016, today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2016/apr/studies-confirm-effect-wolves-elk-tree-recovery-yellowstone-national-park#:~:text=Elk%20numbers%20in%20Yellowstone%20have,to%20less%20than%205%2C000%20today.


    BLAKESLEE, NATE. American Wolf: A True Story of Survival and Obsession in the West. BROADWAY Books, 2018.

    Farquhar, Brodie. “Wolf Reintroduction Changes Ecosystem in Yellowstone.” Yellowstone National Park, 22 June 2023, www.yellowstonepark.com/things-to-do/wildlife/wolf-reintroduction-changes-ecosystem.


    Painter, Luke E., et al. “Aspen recruitment in the Yellowstone region linked to reduced herbivory after large carnivore restoration.” Ecosphere, vol. 9, no. 8, 30 Aug. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2376.


    Reichard, Kevin. “More Wolves = Fewer Elk = Yellowstone Aspen Comeback.” Yellowstone Insider, 4 Sept. 2018, yellowstoneinsider.com/2018/09/04/wolves-fewer-elk-yellowstone-aspen-comeback/.


    Smith, Douglas W., and Gary Ferguson. Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone. Lyons Press, 2012.


    Williams, Ted. “America’s New War on Wolves and Why It Must Be Stopped.” Yale Environment360, Yale School of Environment, 17 Feb. 2022, e360.yale.edu/features/americas-new-war-on-wolves-and-why-it-must-be-stopped#:~:text=By%201926%20all%20wolves%20had,reintroduction%20from%20the%20get%2Dgo.


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  • Hang out with Pam and Salome for a DAM fun Microbruin about the decommissioning of dams along the Klamath and Snake Rivers, and the benefits to fish and ecosystems!


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Links We Discussed:

    Video from American Rivers: https://youtu.be/e5lcP_9ateE


    Sources Cited:

    Biden, Joseph. “Memorandum on Restoring Healthy and Abundant Salmon, Steelhead, and Other Native Fish Populations in the Columbia River Basin.” The White House, The United States Government, 27 Sept. 2023, www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/09/27/memorandum-on-restoring-healthy-and-abundant-salmon-steelhead-and-other-native-fish-populations-in-the-columbia-river-basin/.


    Brown, Karina. “Efforts of Tribes Pay off in Historic Agreement on Snake River Dam Removals.” OregonLive, 27 Dec. 2023, www.oregonlive.com/environment/2023/12/efforts-of-tribes-pay-off-in-historic-agreement-on-snake-river-dam-removals.html.


    Helmer, Jodi. “In the Columbia–Snake River Basin, Salmon Are Losing Their Way.” Natural Resources Defense Council, 18 July 2018, www.nrdc.org/stories/columbia-snake-river-basin-salmon-are-losing-their-way.


    Neville, Helen. “The Science Is Clear: Snake River Dams Kill Too Many Fish.” Trout Unlimited, 15 July 2021, www.tu.org/magazine/conservation/the-science-is-clear-snake-river-dams-kill-too-many-fish/.


    Smith, Anna. “Lower Snake River Dams Closer to Coming down with New Agreement.” High Country News, 31 Jan. 2024, www.hcn.org/articles/dams-lower-snake-river-dams-closer-to-coming-down-with-new-agreement/.


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  • Part 3 of our mini-series on wolves outlines the reintroduction of the gray wolf to Yellowstone in 1995 and 1996. Hang out with us this weekend and join the madness!


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Sources Cited:

    “Service Announces Gray Wolf Finding and National Recovery Plan: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.Gov, 2 Feb. 2024, www.fws.gov/press-release/2024-02/service-announces-gray-wolf-finding-and-national-recovery-plan.


    Smith, Douglas W., and Gary Ferguson. Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone. Lyons Press, 2012.


    Williams, Ted. “America’s New War on Wolves and Why It Must Be Stopped.” Yale Environment360, Yale School of Environment, 17 Feb. 2022, e360.yale.edu/features/americas-new-war-on-wolves-and-why-it-must-be-stopped#:~:text=By%201926%20all%20wolves%20had,reintroduction%20from%20the%20get%2Dgo.


    “Wolf Restoration.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 27 Apr. 2023, www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolf-restoration.htm.


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  • It's Microbruin Monday! Pam may or may not be a bit buzzed for this episode, we can neither confirm nor deny. Either way, hang out with us while we talk about a special population of Whitetail Deer in upstate New York, the Seneca White Deer!


    http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Sources Cited:


    “Deer Haven Park - Official Site of the Seneca White Deer Tours.” Deer Haven Park - Official Site of the Seneca White Deer Tours, 2 Feb. 2024, deerhavenpark.org/. 


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  • Join us for another one of the eight bear species of the world: the giant panda! Find out why we can alllll relate to this iconic species, and guess how many times Charlotte can annoy Pam by bringing up Neanderthals!


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Sources Cited:


    Ashworth, James. “Giant Pandas’ Supercharged Gut Takes Advantage of Changing Seasons.” Natural History Museum, 19 Jan. 2022, www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2022/january/giant-pandas-supercharged-gut-takes-advantage-changing-seasons.html#:~:text=Many%20of%20its%20genes%20produce,help%20it%20digest%20its%20meals.


    Guo, Wei, et al. “The carnivorous digestive system and bamboo diet of giant pandas may shape their low gut bacterial diversity.” Conservation Physiology, vol. 8, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coz104.

    “History of the Giant Panda.” WWF, 8 June 2004, wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?13588%2FHistory-of-the-Giant-Panda.


    Hunt, Katie. “Pandas Evolved Their Most Perplexing Feature at Least 6 Million Years Ago.” CNN, 30 June 2022, www.cnn.com/2022/06/30/asia/ancient-panda-bamboo-thumb-sixth-digit-scn/index.html.


    Krause, Johannes, et al. “Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the miocene-pliocene boundary.” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 8, no. 1, 28 July 2008, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-220.


    Pruitt-Young, Sharon. “Finally Some Good News! China Says Giant Pandas Are No Longer Endangered.” NPR, NPR, 9 July 2021, www.npr.org/2021/07/09/1014593425/china-giant-pandas-endangered-vulnerable-iucn#:~:text=The%20International%20Union%20for%20Conservation%20of%20Nature%20removed%20giant%20pandas,officials%20challenged%20at%20the%20time.


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  • Another Grizz Quiz, but this time Salome and Charlotte try to identify grizzly vs black bears with a handful of photos! Go to our Instagram or Facebook for the photos and play along as we go!


    http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast

    www.facebook.com/bearsandbrewspodcast

    www.instagram.com/bearsandbrewspodcast

    https://henrysforkwildlifealliance.org/

    https://islandparkbears.org/


    Unlicensed photos used with permission by: P. Strickland, T. Jorgensen, M. Kluckhohn


    Sources Cited:


    Bartlett, Amanda. “Beavers Released into California Wild for the First Time in 75 Years.” SF Gate, 2023, www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/california-beavers-released-in-wild-18569060.php. 


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  • Join us for part two of our wolf mini-series! In this episode we share some wolf news out of California, discuss the social dynamics of wolves, and talk enough about the Twilight werewolves that you may think we’re fans (even though we are NOT.) 


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Links We Discussed:


    Yellowstone Wolf Pack Info


    Sources Cited:


    “How Do Wolves Communicate? International Wolf Center.” International Wolf Center | Teaching the World about Wolves., 25 Apr. 2023, wolf.org/wolf-info/basic-wolf-info/biology-and-behavior/communication/#:~:text=Wolves’%20vocalizations%20can%20be%20separated,is%20used%20as%20a%20warning.


    Murie, Adolph. The Wolves of Mount McKinley. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1944.


    “New California Wolf Packs in Lassen and Plumas Counties Named.” Lake County News, 31 Jan. 2024, lakeconews.com/news/77687-new-california-wolf-packs-in-lassen-and-plumas-counties-named#:~:text=The%20Beyem%20Seyo%20pack%20has,of%20two%20adults%20and%20six.


    Smith, Douglas W., and Gary Ferguson. Decade of the Wolf: Returning the Wild to Yellowstone. Lyons Press, 2012.


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  • Tune in for updates about bobcats and lynx! We explain a new management plan for lynx and talk about how bobcats and other wild cats can help reduce Chronic Wasting Disease!

    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast

     

    Links We Discussed:

    Draft Recovery Plan for Lynx

    Bobcat Management Plan in New York State


    Sources Cited:

    “Canada Lynx Draft Recovery Plan Available for Public Review & Comment: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.” FWS.Gov, 1 Dec. 2023, www.fws.gov/press-release/2023-12/canada-lynx-draft-recovery-plan-available-public-review-comment.


    “New York DEC Releases Updated Bobcat Management Plan for Public Comment.” Outdoor News, 18 Jan. 2024, www.outdoornews.com/2024/01/18/new-york-dec-releases-updated-bobcat-management-plan-for-public-comment/.


    Peterson, Christine. “Carnivores and Scavengers Could Help Reduce CWD.” WyoFile, 27 Dec. 2023, wyofile.com/carnivores-and-scavengers-could-help-reduce-cwd/#:~:text=have%20been%20promising.-,Only%202%25%20of%20the%20chronic%20wasting%20disease%20prions%20that%20go,three%20there’s%20none%20at%20all.


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  • It’s finally here, part 1 of our who-knows-how-many-episode series about WOLVES! Hang out with us while we chat about some wolf basics before we delve into the polarizing facts and myths about this canid in future episodes.


    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Links We Discussed:

    Wolves of Mt. McKinley, Adolph Murie

    Decade of the Wolf, Doug Smith and Gary Ferguson

    Isle Royale Wolf Project

    The Secret Lives of Fish-eating, Beaver-ambushing Wolves of Minnesota

    Island of the Sea Wolves

    Wolf Books by Rick McIntyre


    Sources Cited:

    “Gray Wolf.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 25 Apr. 2023, www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolves.htm.

     

    Mech, L. David. “Longevity in Wild Wolves.” Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 69, no. 1, 25 Feb. 1988, pp. 197–198, https://doi.org/10.2307/1381776.

     

    Premo, Alyssa. “History and Distribution of the Gray Wolf in the Pacific Northwest.” Wolves in The State of Oregon, blogs.oregonstate.edu/wolves/history-and-distribution-of-the-gray-wolf-in-the-pacific-northwest/.

     

    “United States: International Wolf Center.” International Wolf Center | Teaching the World about Wolves., 17 Dec. 2021, wolf.org/wow/united-states/.

     

    Williams, Ted. “America’s New War on Wolves and Why It Must Be Stopped.” Yale Environment360, Yale School of Environment, 17 Feb. 2022, e360.yale.edu/features/americas-new-war-on-wolves-and-why-it-must-be-stopped#:~:text=By%201926%20all%20wolves%20had,reintroduction%20from%20the%20get%2Dgo.


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  • Come along for an elk ride (not literally of course), while we attempt to stay on track while talking about these amazing ungulates!

     

    Find us on all the things: http://linktr.ee/bearsandbrewspodcast


    Sources Cited:

    “Brucellosis in Wyoming Wildlife.” Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 2024, wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/Brucellosis#:~:text=Brucellosis%20is%20a%20bacterial%20disease,pregnancies%20but%20diminish%20over%20time.


    “Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD).” Department of Health, New York State, Nov. 2011, www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/zoonoses/cwd.htm#:~:text=What%20is%20chronic%20wasting%20disease,changes%2C%20excessive%20salivation%20and%20death.


    “Elk Population by State (Estimates and Info).” Wildlife Informer, 10 Jan. 2021, wildlifeinformer.com/elk-population-by-state/.


    Koshmrl, Mike. “Historic Die-off at Wyoming Elk Feedground Prompts Management Changes.” WyoFile, 13 Nov. 2023, wyofile.com/historic-die-off-at-wyoming-elk-feedground-prompts-management-changes/.


    Peterson, Christine. “25 Years after Returning to Yellowstone, Wolves Have Helped Stabilize the Ecosystem.” National Geographic, 3 May 2021, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/yellowstone-wolves-reintroduction-helped-stabilize-ecosystem?rnd=1705561538423&loggedin=true.


    The University of Montana. "How wolf predation shapes elk antler evolution." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 5 September 2018. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/09/180905113232.htm>.



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    Sources Cited:

    Spencer, Janet. Yellowstone Trivia Including Crossword Puzzles, Quote Quests, Word Games & More. Riverbend Pub., 2006. 


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