Afleveringen
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The English victory crushed Ireland’s last real chance at freedom, locking the island under English rule, its warriors dead, its leaders in flight, and its people left to endure centuries of occupation. But the Irish who escaped carried their hatred of the British across the Atlantic, and when revolution came to America, they stood at the front lines, ready to strike back.
Haves-McCoy, G.A. Irish Battles.Silke, John. Kinsale.Foster, R.F. Modern Ireland.
Kinsale. October 2, 1601 - January 3, 1602.
English Forces: 6,800 Infantry, 600 Cavalry.
Spanish Forces: ~ 3,300 - 3,400 Infantry.
Irish Forces: ~ 6,000 Men.
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The British victory at Fort Niagara shattered French dominance and secured their grip on the Great Lakes, a turning point in the French and Indian War. But for the Iroquois, their cooperation in that war was not a triumph, it was the beginning of the end. Once the most formidable native power in the Northeast, they had gambled on British strength, believing it would protect their place in the new order. Instead, they were cast aside, their lands devoured by the very empire they had helped to build. In choosing a side, they had sealed their own destruction.
Peckham, Howard. The Colonial Wars, 1689-1762.Steele, Ian. Warpaths.Anderson, Fred. The Crucible of War.
Fort Niagara. July 10 - 25, 1759.
British and Indian Forces: 2,000 British Troops, 1,000 Iroquois Braves.
French Forces: 486 Soldiers, Marines, and Militia, 30 Seneca Indian Scouts.
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The fall of La Rochelle marked the definitive end of French toleration for Protestantism, dismantling any illusions of coexistence under the Edict of Nantes. This event triggered an exodus of Huguenots, tens of thousands fleeing persecution to seek refuge abroad, reshaping societies across Europe and the Americas.
Lockyer, Roger. Buckingham.Roche, O.I.A. the Days of the Upright: The story of the Huguenots.Burckhardt, Carl. Richelieu and his Age.
La Rochelle. September 10, 1627 - October 27, 1628.
Huguenot Forces: Unknown, Likely Entire Male Population of La Rochelle.
British Forces: ~ 5,000 Troops.
French Forces: ~ 30,000 Troops.
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The American victory instilled an unwarranted confidence in the colonies’ military prowess, fostering a belief that their amateur forces could stand toe-to-toe with professional armies. Yet, this triumph was overshadowed by the betrayal felt when Louisbourg, hard-won through their blood and sacrifice, was handed back to France in a distant peace negotiation. This decision by the British government deepened colonial resentment, planting the seeds of hostility that would only grow in the decades to come.
Leckie, Robert. A Few Acres of Snow.Peckham, Howard. The Colonial Wars, 1689 - 1762.Balcom, B.A. Louisbourg; American History Magazine.
Louisbourg. May 1 - June 17, 1745.
American Forces: 4,270 Militia.
French Forces: 560 French Marines and Swiss Mercenaries with an additional ~ 1,400 Militia.
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Spain’s resounding victory at Pensacola delivered them West Florida and, with it, a decisive blow to British ambitions in the Americas. Coupled with their relentless campaigns across the Mississippi Valley and along the Gulf Coast, the Spaniards dismantled Britain’s claim to the sprawling frontier between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River, leaving British forces isolated and their colonial aspirations in tatters. This triumph not only redrew the map but ensured that Spain’s influence would loom large over the peace negotiations to come.
LaFarelle, Lorenzo. Bernardo de Galvez, Hero of the American Revolution.Rush, Nixon. The Battle of Pensacola.Coker, Hazel. The Siege of Pensacola 1781 in Maps.Caughey, John. Bernardo de Galvez in Louisiana, 1776-1783.
Pensacola, Northwestern Coast of Florida. March 10 - May 9, 1781.
Spanish Forces: ~ 3,800 mixed nationality troops.
British Forces: ~ 1,000 mixed nationality troops.
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The Germans’ relentless occupation of Cassino turned the town into an unyielding bastion, anchoring the Gustav Line. This fortress, besieged by Allied forces in wave after wave of bitter combat, became the lynchpin of German resistance, halting the advance through Italy’s blood-soaked terrain and barring the road to the eternal city of Rome.
Hart, Lidell. History of the Second World War.Majdalany, Fred. the Battle of Cassino.Bohmler, Rudolph. Monte Cassino: A German View
Monte Cassino. January 17 - May 22, 1944.
Allied Forces: ~ 300,000 Mixed Troops.
Nazi Forces: ~ 100,000 Troops.
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The occupation of Beirut successfully forced the Palestine Liberation Organization to relocate its headquarters out of Lebanon. However, it failed to deliver the lasting security for northern Israel that its architects had envisioned. The conflict’s unresolved tensions have carried forward, contributing to the continued violence and instability in the region that persists to this day.
O'Ballance, Edgar. Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-1992.Rabinovich, Itamar. the war for lebanon, 1970-1985.Khalidi, Rashid. Under Siege: PLO Decision Making During the 1982 War.
Beirut, June 14 - August 21, 1982.
Israeli Forces: ~30,000 Soldiers.
Palestinian Forces: ~ 15,000 Militants.
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With his victory, Caesar ascended to the apex of power, casting aside the fragile remnants of the Republic. Rome, once a city ruled by the collective will of its citizens, was now a vessel for one man’s vision, a crucible of ambition that would shape the destiny of the Western world. This moment, born of blood and boldness, did not merely end a political system; it marked the beginning of an empire that would redefine civilization itself.
Warner Translation: Caesar, Julius. War Commentaries of Caesar.Fuller, J.F.C. A Military History of the Western World.Grant, Michaels. Julius Caesar.Graves Translation: Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars.Goldsworthy, Adrian. Caesar.
Pharsalus, August 9, 48 B.C.
Caesar's Forces: 22,000 Infantry, 1,000 Cavalry.
Pompey's Forces: 45,000 Infantry, 9,000 Cavalry.
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The spectacle of Communist forces unleashing a coordinated and relentless assault shook the American public to its core. Confidence in the war effort crumbled, and the nation’s collective resolve unraveled. This seismic shift in opinion set the stage for the United States’ retreat from Vietnam and the inexorable rise of Communist dominance.
Hammel, Eric. Fire in the Streets: The Battle for Hue, Tet 1968.Olson, James. Where the Domino Fell.Spector, Ronald. After Tet.Maclear, Michael. The Ten Thousand Day War.Berman, Larry. Lyndon Johnson's War.
South Vietnam (Tet Offensive). January 31 - February 2, 1968.
North Vietnamese Forces: ~ 84,000 soldiers, mostly Viet Cong.
United States and South Vietnamese Forces: exact engagement numbers are unknown.
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The Battle of Adrianople in 378 AD was the combat event that shattered the illusion of Rome’s invincibility and declared the Goths as more than a wandering horde. Adrianople was their grim debut as architects of a new power dynamic in western European history, where the balance of civilization itself seemed to tremble. On that blood-soaked field, the disciplined ranks of Roman infantry, long the cornerstone of imperial might, were swept aside by the devastating ferocity and mobility of Gothic cavalry. The echoes of that day did more than announce the Gothic ascendance; they signaled a profound shift in the art of war. The dominance of the well-armored foot soldier, which had defined centuries of Roman military supremacy, crumbled beneath the relentless momentum of mounted warriors. From this moment onward, cavalry would carve its legend into the fabric of European warfare, reshaping strategies and redefining power for the next thousand years.
Rolfe Translation: Ammianus Marcellinus.Oman, Charles. The Art of War in the Middle Ages.Thompson, E.A. Romans and Barbarians.Heather, Peter. Goths and Romans.
Adrianople. August 9, 378 A.D.
Gothic Forces: 50,000 infantry and 50,000 cavalry.
Byzantine Forces: 40,000 infantry and 20,000 cavalry.
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The overwhelming defeat of a Roman punitive force ignited a wildfire of belief among the Jewish populace. What had been skepticism turned into unshakable conviction: compromise was a betrayal, and God Himself had ordained their victory. This fervent delusion swept the nation into a full-scale revolt, a bold gamble that would bring not deliverance, but ruin.
Jones, A.H.M. The Herods of Judaea.David, M. Israel in Revolution: 6-74 C.E.Farmer, W.R. Macabees, Zealots, and Josephus.Sheldon, RoseMary. "The Great Jewish War against Rome: Taking on Goliath," Military and Naval Forum Proceedings.
Beth-Horon. October, 66 A.D.
Roman Forces: 30,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry.
Jewish Forces: roughly 14,000 light infantry, very few cavalry.
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The fall of Singapore was a cataclysmic turning point, the crowning triumph of Japan’s unstoppable advance through the Malay Peninsula during World War Two. With its prized bastion in the Far East torn from its grasp, Britain suffered not just a military defeat but a symbolic total humiliation. This moment sent shockwaves through the empire, igniting the slow collapse of a dominion that had once claimed mastery over the globe leading to the dissolution of the once dominance of the British Empire.
Ienaga, Saburo. The Pacific War, 1931 - 1945.Ryan, N.J. A History of Malaysia and Singapore.Toland, John. But Not in Shame.Caffrey, Katye. Out in the MIdday sun: Singapore, 1941 - 1945.
Singapore. January 31 - February 15, 1942.
British Forces: ~ 107,000 Troops, including 27,000 Administrative Soldiers.
Japanese Forces: ~ 40,000 Soldiers.
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Gettysburg was the high-water mark of the Confederacy, the deepest penetration into Union soil Lee’s army would ever achieve. For three days, the fate of the war hung in balance on those Pennsylvania hills, and the Confederate dream of victory seemed tantalizingly close. But in the end, Lee’s gamble failed, and his shattered army limped back across the Potomac. The price had been steep, and the consequences enormous. For the Union, the victory came like a lifeline. It steadied a nation growing weary of bloodshed and doubt, shoring up both morale and political unity when Lincoln needed it most. Northern resolve, so close to breaking, found new strength in the carnage of Gettysburg. The defeat robbed the Confederacy of its momentum and stripped away the illusion of invincibility that surrounded Lee’s army. From this moment on, the tide of war would flow north to south, and the Union, though battered, would not turn back.
Luvaas, Jay. The U.S. Army War College Guide to the Battle of Gettysburg.McPherson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom.Stackpole, Edward. They Met at Gettysburg.Coddington, Edwin. Gettysburg: A Study in Command.
Gettysburg. July 1 - 3, 1863.
Union Forces: ~ 115,000 men.
Confederate Forces: ~ 76,000 men.
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In the spring of 1944, the Allies prepared for an operation that would determine the course of the modern world. The men tasked with carrying it out knew what awaited them: an entrenched enemy, relentless fire, and the very real chance they would not live to see the sun set. They went anyway.
The success of this campaign shaped the borders of Europe, secured the survival of free nations, and cemented the United States as the leading global power. It forced Nazi Germany into a war it could no longer win and prevented the Soviet Union from sweeping unchecked across the continent.
This battle was a turning point—not just in the Second World War, but in the history of the 20th century. Had it failed, the consequences would have been catastrophic. Instead, it brought about the collapse of Hitler’s regime and dictated who would rebuild Europe, who would govern its future, and how power would be distributed for generations.
Kemp, Anthony. D-Day and the Invasion of Normandy.Little, Brown. Omaha Beachhead.Keegan, John. Six Armies in Normandy.Marshal, S.L.A. Night Drop.
Normandy. June 6, 1944.
Allied Forces: ~175,000 Soldiers.
Nazi Forces: ~80,000 Soldiers.
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With the rebellion in Palestine broken and Egyptian dominance restored, Thutmose the Third ignited a fire that would consume all who dared defy the kingdom of the Nile. This was the first step in a reign that would see Egypt’s power surge beyond all that had come before. Under Thutmose’s unyielding leadership, Egypt’s armies swept across the known world, carving out an empire that stretched from the sun-scorched deserts of Nubia in the south to the lands of Syria and the upper Euphrates in the north. Never before had Egypt’s borders reached so far, its name so feared, or its might so absolute. The horizon itself seemed to bend under the weight of Egyptian conquest, as Thutmose transformed his kingdom into the single greatest empire of its time.
Breasted, James. A History of Egypt.Benson, Douglas. Ancient Egypt's Warfare.Petrie, William. A History of Egypt.Steindorf, George. When Egypt Ruled the East.
Megiddo. 1479 B.C.
Egyptian Forces: ~ 10,000 Men.
Kadesh Alliance Forces: Unknown.
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The Theban victory at Leuctra shattered Spartan dominance, a dominance that had held the Greek peninsula in an iron grip since the end of the Peloponnesian War. For the first time, the myth of Spartan invincibility was broken, and the balance of power shifted.
Ferril, Arthur. The Origins of War.Dryden Translation: Plutarch. The Lives of Noble Grecians and Romans.Warner Translation: Xenophon. A History of My Times.Buckler, John. The Theban Hegemony 371-362.Markov, Walter. Battles of World History.
But Theban supremacy was fleeting. Their rise destabilized Greece, sparking bitter rivalries and further conflict. In the chaos, an opportunity emerged for a new force to rise: Macedon. Led by Philip II and later his son Alexander, the Macedonians would seize control of Greece, ending the era of city-state independence and paving the way for an empire that would reshape the ancient world.
Leuctra. July, 371 B.C.
Theban Forces: 6,000 Hoplites and 1,500 Cavalry.
Spartan Forces: 10,000 Hoplites and 1,000 Cavalry.
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The Roman and Visigothic victory over the Huns at the Battle of Châlons in 451 halted Attila’s westward expansion and marked the beginning of the end for his empire. While the battle didn’t outright destroy Hun power, it shattered their aura of invincibility and forced Attila into retreat. This defeat disrupted their momentum, and two years later, in 453, Attila’s sudden death plunged the Hun empire into chaos.
Fuller, J.F.C. A Military History of the Western World. Brehaut Translation: Gregory of Tours. History of the Franks.Jordanes. The Gothic History of Jordanes.Thompson, E.A. A History of Attila and the Huns.
Châlons. June 20, 451 AD.
Roman and Visigoth Forces: Unknown.
Hun Forces: ~ 100,000 Men.
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The defeat at Manzikert broke the spine of Byzantine military power. Anatolia, the empire’s great reservoir of soldiers, the rugged peasants who had once filled its ranks with unshakable resolve, was lost. From that moment on, the Seljuk Turks ruled Anatolia. The empire’s heartland, the source of its warriors, its grain, and its lifeblood, was now under the crescent banner. The empire shrank, a shadow of its former self. Byzantium clung to the lands immediately surrounding Constantinople, an isolated citadel standing alone against a world that had moved on. Never again would the Byzantine Empire command the fear and respect of its enemies. Its armies, once the envy of the world, became mercenary-driven and hollow. The Byzantines would linger on, but as a diminished power, unable to recapture the military glory that had once defined them.
Friendly, Alfred. The Dreadful Day: The Battle of Manzikert, 1071.Fuller, J.F.C. A Military History of the Western World.Jenkins, Romilly. Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, A.D. 610-1071.
Manzikert. 1071 A.D.
Byzantine Forces: ~ 40,000 Men.
Turkish Forces: ~ 40,000 Men.
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The disastrous Prussian defeat at Jena and Auerstädt in 1806 was more than a humiliation, it was a reckoning. In the ashes of their shattered military, Prussia saw the urgent need for reform. The old system, built on outdated doctrines and rigid hierarchy, was swept away. At the heart of this transformation was the creation of the General Staff system, a revolutionary institution that replaced privilege and pedigree with merit, expertise, and meticulous planning. This system became the engine of the Prussian military’s rebirth, ensuring it was led by the most talented minds, trained to anticipate and respond to the complexities of modern warfare.
Chandler, David. The Campaigns of Napoleon.Britt, Albert. The Wars of Napoleon.Dupuy, Trevor. A Genius for War.Maude, F. N. The Jena Campaign.
The results were undeniable. Over the next century, the Prussian military emerged as the most formidable force in Europe, its dominance confirmed by stunning victories against Denmark, Austria, and France. The General Staff became the model for every major military power, reshaping the very nature of command and strategy in the modern age. What began as Prussia’s greatest disaster ultimately became the foundation of its greatest strength, cementing its military legacy for generations to come.
Jena and Auerstadt. October 14, 1806.
Prussian Forces: ~ 105,000 Soldiers.
French Forces: ~ 80,000 Soldiers.
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With his victory at Panipat, Babur forged the Moghul dynasty, an empire of unimaginable wealth and power that reshaped the destiny of India. For two centuries, its rulers commanded vast armies, built wonders that defied time, and presided over a civilization unmatched in splendor. But even the mightiest of empires must bow to the wheel of history, and in the 18th century, the Moghul dynasty fell, swept aside by the relentless advance of British colonial domination.
Beveridge Translation: The Babur-nama in English: Memoirs of Babur.Lamb, Harold. Babur the Tiger.Lane-Poole, Stanley. Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule.Williams, L.F. An Empire Builder of the Sixteenth Century.
Panipat. April, 21 1526.
Hindustani Forces: ~ 40,000 Soldiers and up to 1,000 War Elephants.
Moghul Forces: ~ 10,000 Afghan Soldiers and up to 5,000 Allied Soldiers.
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