Afleveringen
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The following book reviews contain a mental health study on personality disorder. The first is mummyâs boy Norman; seconds out, round two is a private gentleman's club activity swirling out of control; after all, men will be men.
We begin by exploring Alfred Hitchcockâs âPsychoâ, the psychological thriller, by providing various perspectives and interpretations that can better enhance your exploration of the filmâs resilience and understanding of mental illness.
Robert Blochâs Psycho, published in 1959 by Simon and Schuster, uses a real-life case of Ed Gein, the so-called âbutcher of Plainfieldâ, a gruesome slaying in a small town in Wisconsin, as inspiration to write this novel. Robert was genuinely able to tap into the minds of readers with Psycho.
Paramount Studio refused to finance the making of this film; Hitchcock made the movie with his own money in 1960, even mortgaging his house to do so. Then film critics like Bosley Crowther damned it with faint praise, writing that âHitchcock is an old hand at frightening people.
Pauline Kael, in 1978, complained about it as a borderline case of immorality because of the directorâs cheerful complicity with the killer, having had a sadistic glee during the shower scene.
Even though it was a flop with the critics, Hitchcock made a fortune from it, leaving him joyfully screaming to the bank.
However, he had an excellent rave review from Andrew Sarris, who called Hitchcock âthe most daring avant-garde filmmaker in America today.â
Psycho, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, continues to captivate audiences with its masterful storytelling and chilling portrayal of human nature and mental illness.
Psycho lands on the list of the greatest horror films ever made. The film centres around Marion Crane, a young woman who steals $40,000 worth of real-estate deposit money from her employer and drives from Phoenix to Fairvale, California, to start a new life with her lover Sam Loomis, only to find herself at the eerie Bates Motel by mistake.
Hitchcock uses the time for her to marinate in her feelings of guilt and shame and her total inability to mask it around strangers. As the plot unfolds, Marionâs encounter with the timid Norman Bates, the motelâs owner, reveals a disturbing glimpse into his fractured psyche.
One of the most powerful aspects of âPsychoâ is its exploration of dissociative identity disorder, commonly known as a multiple personality disorder. Through Norman Batesâ character, Hitchcock delves deep into the complexities of this mental illness, blurring the lines between reality and illusion.
However, Norman Bates can also be seen as exhibiting characteristics of both psychopathy and dissociative identity disorder. Although it is suggested that Norman suffers from dissociative identity disorder, it is the psychopathic tendencies that become evident through his actions, such as his ability to manipulate others and his lack of empathy.
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To Kill a Mockingbird, a 1960 novel by Harper Lee, is an iconic masterpiece set in the 1930s Deep South that confronts American society's deep-seated prejudices and injustices. Positioned in the racially divided town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the Great Depression, the story follows Scout Finch, a young girl coming of age in a world filled with racial tension and injustice.
Whose father, Atticus Finch, defends an African-American accused of raping a white woman. Through the lens of Scout's innocent perspective, we witness the deeply ingrained racism and the unfair treatment African Americans faced during that time.
The novel highlights the unjust treatment of a person of colour individuals experienced within the legal system, the ingrained biases held by many white people, and the consequences of these attitudes on the lives of marginalized communities.
It sheds light on the destructive impact of racism and the importance of challenging societal norms to fight for justice and equality.
In the current period, characterized by nuanced intersectionalism, To Kill a Mockingbird remains relevant as it addresses racial injustice from a historical perspective.
One prominent example is the character of Bob Ewell, who embodies pure malevolence and represents the dark side of humanity.
Ewell, fuelled by hatred and racism, falsely accuses Tom Robinson, an African-American man, of rape. He intentionally seeks to destroy an innocent man's life simply because of his prejudices.
The townspeople unquestioningly support and believe Ewell's accusations despite the lack of evidence against Tom Robinson.
Furthermore, the character of Mayella Ewell, Bob Ewell's daughter, participates in the false accusation against Tom Robinson.
While her actions are influenced by fear and coercion from her father, her willingness to harm another person to protect herself and her family reflects the dark side of human nature.
The novel also sheds light on societal expectations and gender roles. Scout defies traditional gender norms by rejecting femininity and embracing her tomboyish nature. Her refusal to conform challenges prevailing notions about being a girl in Southern society during that period.
When analysing the novel through an intersectional lens, it becomes evident that issues of race, gender, class, and power dynamics are interwoven. To Kill a Mockingbird remains an extraordinary work that resonates with readers across generations. Harper Lee's searing portrayal of racism, empathy, and loss of innocence forces us to confront uncomfortable truths about our own society.
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Have you ever found yourself at the mercy of a situation, feeling like a leaf tossed in the wind? This is where the dichotomy of control steps in, offering a lifeline to clarity and calm in the chaos of life.
It's a simple yet profound principle that can revolutionise how we handle our daily struggles.
In this lesson, we'll unravel the layers of this Stoic wisdom, guiding you toward serenity in a world that often feels out of control.
Join us as we explore the roots, principles, and practical applications of the dichotomy of control and discover how this ancient philosophy remains strikingly relevant in our modern lives.
The dichotomy of control is derived from Stoic philosophy that distinguishes between things within our power and those without. It emphasises the importance of focusing our efforts and attention on what we can control and accepting what we cannot control.
According to the dichotomy of control, our thoughts, choices, and actions are within our control.
These are our internal states or virtues, such as judgment, desires, and values. We can choose how we respond to external events and circumstances.
On the other hand, external events and circumstances, such as the actions and behaviours of others, the weather, or natural disasters, are considered to be beyond our control.
These are referred to as external or indifferent things. According to the dichotomy of control, we should not place our happiness or well-being on things outside our control, as they are uncertain and can easily change.
The dichotomy of control encourages individuals to focus on developing their character, virtues, and wisdom, as these are within their power. By accepting what we cannot control and directing our efforts towards what we can control, we can find inner peace, freedom, and resilience in the face of adversity.
In psychology today, the dichotomy of control is often employed in cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic approaches. By helping individuals recognise and differentiate between what is within their control and what is not, therapists aim to empower their clients to make positive changes in their lives and develop resilience in the face of adversity.
The principle says that peace of mind comes from focusing on and acting upon things within our control, like our beliefs, judgments, and actions. It also means accepting and letting go of things not in our power, like the actions and opinions of others.
Therefore, according to the Enchiridion (Handbook). Stoics thought there were only two things we had direct control over voluntary actions and how we think about things. Therefore, considering, Epictetus famously reasoned that people are disturbed not by events but by their judgments about their circumstances.
It is important to note that the dichotomy of control does not imply that individuals should completely ignore or disregard external circumstances or factors beyond their control. Instead, it emphasises the need to focus on what can be influenced and to develop a mindset that promotes acceptance and resilience in dealing with the uncontrollable aspects of life.
Introduction to the Dichotomy of Control
Key Takeaways
The Stoic Dichotomy of Control (DOC) distinguishes between what is within our control (opinions, motivations, desires, aversions, and actions) and what is not (body, property, reputation, office).
Epictetus, a Stoic philosopher, articulates the Dichotomy of Control, emphasising the importance of focusing on what we can control.
The Dichotomy of Control provides a practical framework for problem-solving by dividing situations into segments we can maintain and cannot.
The Dichotomy of Control has been adapted for modern times by William B. Irvine, who proposed a Trichotomy of Control.
The Dichotomy of Control offers timeless wisdom and can be applied to everyday life, helping us navigate challenges and cultivate serenity.
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Today's articles look at the darker side of love with abuse that requires reflection and consideration for the reader to contemplate. The 1955 novel Lolita, by Vladimir Nabokov, a Russian-American novelist, handles the controversial subject of hebephilia, a profoundly unsettling and controversial exploration of obsession and the demonic aspects of human nature. The second is a 1994 movie, A Child's Cry For Help, which also tackles the sensitive subject of mental health in a dramatic and thought-provoking manner. The mother feeds off the sympathy, attention and benefits that are given to them by their community for taking care of a sick or vulnerable person in their care.
The following book under discussion received critical acclaim regardless of the controversy it caused with the public during that period; Lolita was considered one of Time's Best 100 Novels. However, to declare it was addressing hebephilia is sugar coating the subject.
Hebephilia is a term used in psychology to describe a sexual interest or attraction towards individuals in the early stages of puberty, typically ranging from around 11 to 14 years old. It is considered a form of paraphilia, which refers to atypical sexual interests or preferences.
It is important to note that hebephilia is not a widely agreed-upon or officially recognised psychiatric diagnosis. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is the standard classification manual used by mental health professionals, omits hebephilia as a separate diagnosis. Instead, it categorises paraphiliac disorders under the overall category of "other specified paraphilic disorder" or "unspecified paraphilic disorder".
Arguably the most controversial novel of the 20th century, Vanity Fair called it the only convincing love story of our century.
Lolita explores the relationship between an unsettling yet intelligent paedophile and his young nymphet as their lives become increasingly intertwined over five years.
The story follows Humbert, a middle-aged man who becomes infatuated with his young stepdaughter, Dolores Haze, whom he calls Lolita.
Nabokov's masterful storytelling weaves together themes of love, desire, and morality in a way that captivates and disturbs readers.
One of the most striking elements of "Lolita" is Nabokov's use of language. His prose is simultaneously lyrical and disturbing, creating a sense of unease that permeates the entire novel.
The stream-of-consciousness narration allows readers to delve deep into Humbert's twisted mind, experiencing his obsessive thoughts and justifications first-hand.
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Our previous session discussed how literature and the media manipulated public opinion and shaped peopleâs beliefs and behaviours.
Today, we have a closer look at Fake News. The Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Spectrum and a book reflecting the counterculture movement and challenges the traditional values, institutionalisation and incarceration in the 1960s.
Can you guess what it is?
Propaganda has historically shaped public opinion by disseminating information or ideas to promote a particular agenda and ideology. It often involves emotional appeals, censorship, and distorted presentation of facts.
Propaganda often involves:
Deliberately disseminating information or ideas to promote a particular agenda or viewpoint.Using emotional appeals.Censorship.Selective presentation of facts to control public perception.Today, fake news continues to manipulate public opinion.
Fake news is often compelling because it taps into peopleâs emotions and pre-existing beliefs. It plays on peopleâs fears, biases, and desires, making it easier for them to be swayed and believe in the false information presented.
Some evidence suggests that instilling a new positive belief is more effective than rescinding an existing belief in correcting false beliefs. This is because humans tend to hold on to their beliefs, even if proven wrong.
By introducing a new positive belief, individuals may be more inclined to accept the correction as it aligns with their need for cognitive consistency.
Therefore, instilling a new positive belief may be a potentially more effective method for correcting false beliefs.
Fake news continues to manipulate public opinion today by tapping into those emotions and pre-existing beliefs.
Previous examples include Pizzagate, which manufactured ânewsâ that Hillary Clinton ran a child-sex ring, or the Bowling Green Massacre.
Even saying Pope Francis endorsed Donald Trump for president, and the list continues.
We had previously considered Annie Wilkes's behaviour in the psychological horror film âMiseryâ. Was there evidence pointing to her alleged anxiety disorder?
Organising a collection of porcelain figurines alone is not enough to diagnose someone with either an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
While both disorders involve obsessive thoughts or behaviours, there are distinct differences between them, which are available in the training section of mentalhealthtraining.info for your perusal.
For example, individuals who have Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) are preoccupied with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.
However, organising a collection of figurines alone does not necessarily indicate obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), as many people enjoy organising and arranging their possessions without it causing significant distress or impairing their daily functioning.
Cameron Diaz told Good Housekeeping magazine she is a âneat freakâ who has to have everything in its place.
This is in contrast to the retired soccer player David Beckham, who said in a Netflix documentary he must have everything in âperfect symmetryâ and spends hours cleaning the house after his family has gone to bed.
Within obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) individuals may exhibit a strong need for order, perfectionism, and rigid adherence to rules or schedules. They may feel distressed if their environment is disorganised or chaotic.
Learn More Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Comprehensive Guide
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Obsessive love can be described as an intense and overwhelming feeling of love towards someone, which can lead to controlling behaviour and possessiveness. It often involves an unhealthy attachment to the other person and can have negative consequences for both the lover and the loved one.
Idolatry, infatuation, and erotomania are terms used to describe different types of intense feelings or obsessions towards someone or something.
Hereâs a brief explanation of each:
1. Idolatry: Idolatry refers to the worship or excessive admiration of an idol or deity. It is often associated with religious or spiritual beliefs and involves the belief that the idol or deity is sacred and deserving of devotion. In this context, idolatry can include rituals, prayers, or offering sacrifices to the idol or deity.
2. Infatuation: Infatuation is an intense and often short-lived passion or attraction towards someone or something. Intense and overwhelming feelings of affection, desire, or fascination characterise it. Infatuation can be based on physical appearance, superficial qualities, or idealized perceptions of the person or object of infatuation. It is typically not rooted in deep emotional connection or long-term commitment.
3. Erotomania: Erotomania is a rare psychological disorder characterised by an individualâs delusion of another person, often of higher social status, being deeply in love with them. Individuals experiencing erotomania firmly believe that their love interest is reciprocating their feelings despite little or no evidence. This condition is also known as De Clerambaultâs syndrome and can lead to obsessive thoughts, stalking behaviours, or even harassment of the perceived love interest.
In summary, idolatry relates to worship or excessive admiration of a sacred object or deity; infatuation refers to intense but often short-lived passion or attraction towards someone or something, and erotomania is a delusional belief that another person is deeply in love with the individual experiencing the condition.
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The previous article briefly discussed how the power of literature was a deadly weapon through newspapers, radio, and other media outlets, used in antisemitic propaganda by Adolf Hitler to dehumanise and vilify his enemies, primarily the Jews he called parasites.
But for additional groups such as communists and non-Aryans, the word was used in Germany to describe a future genius race and then later labelled by philosophers as Social Darwinism to justify their despicable acts. [cited: Mein Kampf].
Germanyâs economic collapse in 1918 was attributed to a combination of factors. First, the military defeat in World War I played a significant role in Germanyâs failure. The country had suffered heavy casualties, and the Allies imposed severe terms on Germany through the Treaty of Versailles, which included massive reparations payments and territorial losses.
Hitler portrayed himself as a charismatic and assertive leader who could lead Germany back to victory and prosperity. His speeches were carefully crafted to instil loyalty and Idolatry among his followersâmanipulation of the Media. They spread misinformation through newspapers, radio, and other media outlets, creating a distorted reality that further reinforced their narrative.
Hitler recognised the importance of indoctrinating youth to ensure the longevity of his ideology. Nazi propaganda infiltrated the education system, influencing textbooks and curricula to shape young minds following the regimeâs beliefs.
Joseph Goebbels: The mastermind behind Hitlerâs propaganda machine, before finally observing the demonisation and dehumanisation of Jews and scapegoating by portraying them as the cause of Germanyâs problems. - hence the Holocaust.
The second part of the previous article, Charlotte BrontĂ« novel Jane Eyre, offers readers a captivating book that explores complex themes of love through the unconventional romance between Jane and Mr Rochester and challenges traditional notions of love and marriageâher choice of independence and emotional ambivalence only highlights the struggles by womenâs in Victorian society.
Charlotte Brontë came from a strong religious background and incorporated biblical allusions and moral dilemmas into the narrative. You are left with many questions and points of reflection. It is not explicitly stated that Mr. Rochester married Bertha Mason for her money.
Mr. Rochesterâs family arranged their marriage for financial gain, as Bertha came from a wealthy family in the West Indies. However, it is essential to note that Mr. Rochester was unaware of Berthaâs mental illness during their marriage. Once he discovered her condition, he felt trapped in their marriage and could not divorce her due to societal and legal constraints.
The discussion of Mr. Rochesterâs motivation for marrying Bertha is open to interpretation, as the novel focuses more on Jane Eyreâs personal growth and journey.
Did Jane Eyre exhibit codependency traits, as she constantly seeks approval and validation from others and often sacrifices her own needs and desires to serve others, particularly Mr. Rochester?
On the other hand, Mr Rochester displays narcissistic tendencies with his inflated sense of ego, manipulating and controlling those around him, specifically Jane, for his own gratification. Whereas did Mr Rochester also display characteristics of the patriarchal system during this period, and such behaviour was considered the norm?
The power dynamics and toxic relationship between Jane and Rochester can reflect either echoism or codependency, allowing Mr Rochesterâs narcissism to thrive as she enables his selfish behaviour and sacrifices her personal needs and desires. Thereby highlighting the complexities and challenges of their relationship.
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I proposed that books allow the individual to learn from their reading experiences and bibliotherapy to be the focus of therapy and self-reflection.
Photography was suggested as a tool for conveying emotion and channels for self-expression. Then, like a vision, I observed a review by Andrew Pettigrew, which combined both aspects together.
The premise of this work was a historical and cultural insight into the Second World War. It demonstrates the power of literature as a deadly weapon during combat, and a War correspondent is still present in any civil or military conflict today.
Hitlerâs vision board was the little black book he used to plan and aspire for World domination. He recognised only too well that books could stir patriotic feelings, encourage resistance, and could either aid or hinder the War effort.
This was the time before the mobile phone, television, and the birth of the personal computer were nothing more than a twinkle in your grandfatherâs eye.
Newspapers played a crucial role during the Second World War in information dissemination and shaping public opinion. They were powerful communication mediums, serving as the primary news source for the general population.
My late mother told me how her big sister would walk her to school. Ensuring she had all the essentials like her notebook, pencil case, lunch box containing jam sandwich and the compulsory Gas Mask before leaving the house.
I wonder what she would have thought about face covering during COVID-19; she probably had said, "I've seen it all before".
Meanwhile, the photograph of the bombed Holland House Library is particularly surreal. Amongst the devastation, there is hope. Are the suited gentlemen portraying the British stiff upper lip?
After all, the building could be replaced after the War, but the literature remains for those returning home from the frontline and trenches to admire. Even without words, it was able to shape public opinion.
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Although health professionals often use the term mental health, physicians recognise that many psychological disorders have physical roots. And this is why loneliness can significantly affect both your physical and mental health. In todayâs fast-paced and connected world, it may seem counterintuitive to think loneliness is a prevalent issue. Loneliness is a serious problem that can significantly impact individuals. It is often referred to as the âloneliness epidemicâ due to its increasing prevalence.
According to a 2018 report, 22 per cent of adults in the United States say they often or always feel lonely or socially isolated. Loneliness is a subjective experienceâpart of what makes it so hard to identify.
This article delves into the significant implications of loneliness on physical and mental health, shedding light on why it should no longer be underestimated or ignored.
Loneliness, often dismissed as an emotional state or fleeting feeling, is now gaining recognition for its profound impact on your health. Research has shown that prolonged loneliness increases the risk of developing depression.
Feeling alone for extended periods can lead to negative thoughts about oneself and the world around them. These thoughts may spiral into feelings of worthlessness or being unlovable, which are common symptoms associated with depression.
Beyond merely causing sadness and isolation, loneliness has been discovered to contribute to other health issues, ranging from cardiovascular problems to cognitive decline.
As our understanding deepens, acknowledging and addressing this widespread issue becomes increasingly essential to foster a healthier, productive society.
Loneliness can take many forms, including social, emotional, and existential.
Social Loneliness occurs when people feel isolated.
Emotional Loneliness occurs when people feel disconnected from others emotionally or lack meaningful relationships.
Existential Loneliness occurs when people feel disconnected from a sense of purpose or meaning in life. For example, have you ever felt a profound connotation of loneliness even when surrounded by people? This feeling of existential loneliness is a unique and overwhelming experience that can significantly impact our overall well-being.
It is important to note that loneliness is different from Social Isolation.
Social isolation is when someone is physically separated from others., while loneliness refers to the emotional experience of feeling disconnected from others.
Regarding mental health, loneliness can lead to depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders. When individuals feel isolated and disconnected from others, it can negatively impact their self-esteem, sense of belonging, and overall well-being.
Being socially isolated carries much greater physical health risks, but loneliness has a larger impact on mental-health-related conditions.
Loneliness has been associated with increased stress levels and inflammation in the body, making them more prone to infections. Still, inflammation that lasts too long increases the risk of chronic diseases, which can further exacerbate physical health conditions.
By the same token, lonely Individuals may experience cognitive decline and have an increased risk of developing dementia later in life.
The impacts of loneliness extend beyond the individual and can affect society.
Somewhat counterintuitively, you withdraw further from society when you become lonely. This tends to go hand in hand with unhealthy behaviours. When we feel lonely, we often turn to coping mechanisms such as emotional eating, excessive alcohol consumption, or illicit drug abuse. Itâs perhaps not surprising if you then become socially isolated, youâre likely to become more lonely.
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Our previous article briefly looked into the World of literature on mental health. We considered the early inclusion of mental health literature available to our young minds by viewing Christopher Robinâs friends and his mental state of mind. Leaving the door open for discussion concerning his imaginary friendship was either a coping mechanism or schizophrenia.
Then, to whet your appetite, I introduced you to some stars in this field of work. One example was the Yellow Wallpaper (1892). This was a personal view of a woman suffering from post-partum depression and the treatment that she received through a series of diary entries.
The womanâs condition deteriorates, but all the while, her illness is trivialised by the people around her, including her own husband, John, who also happens to be her doctorâinferring that the intent behind each type of literature is relevant in determining how mental health is portrayed.
One of the most impactful aspects of literature is its ability to validate individual experiences. Society often stigmatises or misunderstands mental health conditions, leaving many people isolated by fear or ignorance and invalidated.
An emerging field known as bibliotherapy utilises books specifically chosen to address various psychological needs. Bibliotherapy involves guided reading recommended by professionals such as therapists or librarians who curate personalised book lists tailored to individual interests or concerns.
By engaging with literary works designed explicitly for healing purposes â whether it be self-help guides aimed at reducing stress levels like âThe Relaxation Responseâ by Herbert Benson or memoirs depicting triumph over trauma like âWildâ by Cheryl Strayed â individuals can benefit from the therapeutic power of literature and enhance their well-being.
Likewise, a form of creative bibliotherapy has been observed in photography, and it has been suggested as a powerful tool for conveying emotion and channels for self-expression. Photography can be more than a hobby by addressing someoneâs desires or issues like loneliness and anxiety.
The camera can capture the moment when you are physically in the moment during your mindfulness period or out in nature, forest bathing.
The possibilities for this are endless: you can focus the lens and mind by engaging your senses and fully immersing yourself in the forest surroundings, from insects to animals down to the current Autumn colours or future spring and Summer blossoms.
Remember to take deep breaths to inhale the natural aromas, listen to the sounds of the forest, and observe the rich colours and textures of the environment. Sounds absolutely idyllic.
Fiction or non-fiction literature, which one is best to learn about mental health?
When it comes to learning about mental health, both fiction and non-fiction literature can be valuable resources.
Non-fiction literature, such as self-help books and scientific research, provides factual information, explanations, and strategies for managing mental health problems. They offer insights from professionals and individuals with personal experiences, providing a sense of credibility.
On the other hand, fiction literature can offer a unique perspective on mental health by exploring charactersâ inner thoughts and emotions.
It allows readers to empathise and connect with the struggles and triumphs of fictional individuals, which can foster understanding and compassion. Fiction can also provide a safe space for readers to explore complex emotions and experiences that they may not be ready or able to confront in real life.
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What is Bibliotherapy?
Bibliotherapy is a therapeutic approach that uses literature to support mental health and wellbeing. It involves using books, poems, and other written materials to help individuals understand and cope with their emotions, thoughts, and behaviours.
Bibliotherapy can be used in various settings, including schools, libraries, hospitals, and therapy sessions. Words and images in literature and poetry connect us to the past, showing that others have faced and overcome similar experiences. This brings comfort and reassurance that difficult times will eventually pass.
The concept of bibliotherapy dates back to Ancient Greece, where reading was believed to heal the soul.
In the 20th century, bibliotherapy gained popularity as a form of psychotherapy, and today, it is recognized as a valuable tool for enhancing mental health and well-being.
There are different types of bibliotherapy, including self-help, guided, and creative bibliotherapy.
Self-help bibliotherapy involves reading books independently, while guided bibliotherapy involves working with a therapist or counsellor who recommends specific books.
Creative bibliotherapy involves using writing or other creative activities to explore one's emotions and thoughts.
Benefits of Bibliotherapy
Bibliotherapy has numerous benefits for individuals of all ages and backgrounds. Some of the key benefits include:
Enhancing mental health and wellbeing
Bibliotherapy can help individuals manage symptoms of anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions.
Reading can provide a sense of comfort and support, and it can also help individuals gain new insights into their emotions and behaviours.
Enhancing mental health and wellbeing
Reading can improve literacy skills and enhance communication skills, including expressing oneself effectively and understanding others' perspectives.
Fostering personal growth and self-awareness
Bibliotherapy can help individuals reflect on their own experiences and better understand themselves. It can also promote personal growth and self-awareness by encouraging individuals to explore their emotions and behaviours.
Applications of Bibliotherapy
Bibliotherapy can be used in various settings and for different purposes. Some of the key applications of bibliotherapy include:
Bibliotherapy for children and adolescents
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Mental health is an important and often misunderstood topic affecting millions worldwide. Raising awareness and promoting understanding of mental health issues is crucial to creating a more inclusive and supportive society.
In recent years, literature has emerged as a powerful tool for exploring and shedding light on mental health experiences. Through relatable characters and thought-provoking narratives, texts and their emergence into film enable nonmedical individuals to gain insights into various mental health conditions and foster compassion.
In this post, we will delve into the world of mental health in non-fiction books dating back to the Roaring Twenties to the present time, discussing their significance and impact on readers today.
How knowledgeable are you about mental health portrayed in books and drama, then serialised into films?
Only to find the book is better than the movie.
Was the problem with the characters, or was the fine detail missing or misleading?
Mental health in literature has captivated readers for centuries. Authors have skilfully used their writing to delve into the intricacies of the human mind, with its storyline and cognitive complexities, to captivate the readerâs attention.
From the haunting pages of Charlotte Perkins Gilmanâs âThe Yellow Wallpaperâ where the suffocating grip of her own post-partum depression psychosis is explored, the story is about a young woman, confined to her room and denied all creative outlets, who gradually suffers a mental breakdown.
It is then followed by the modern-day masterpiece âEverything I Never Told Youâ by Celeste Ng, which unearths themes of grief and isolation. Literature offers a profound glimpse into the realm of mental health.
Through vibrant descriptions and vivid characterisations, these stories entertain and educate readers about the multifaceted nature of mental well-being. They give us a unique opportunity to peer into tormented minds, fostering empathy and understanding.
By giving voice to these experiences, literature plays an indispensable role in dismantling stigmas surrounding mental illness. It paves the way for crucial conversations that can cultivate greater awareness and support for those grappling with such challenges in real life.
Therefore, mental health in literature is both a reflective mirror showcasing our own struggles and a guiding light leading us towards compassion and healing.
The uncompassionate portrayals of characters in books and films
The uncompassionate portrayals of fictional characters have long been discussed within the literary world. While literature has undoubtedly played a crucial role in shedding light on mental health, there are instances where characters suffering from mental illnesses or emotional struggles are portrayed in an uncompassionate manner.
These portrayals can perpetuate stereotypes and further stigmatise individuals dealing with such challenges.
Authors need to approach these narratives with sensitivity and empathy, ensuring that readers gain a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding mental health.
By presenting well-rounded characters who are more than just their mental health issues, literature can contribute to breaking down barriers and fostering greater acceptance and support.
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The continuous presence of intrusive thoughts can create a constant sense of unease and fear. They have the power to make you question your own morality and sanity. The toll they take on you is not only mental but physical as well. The exhaustion caused by these persistent thoughts can affect your concentration, making it difficult to complete tasks or make decisions. Sleep disturbances may also occur due to the constant rumination induced by intrusive thoughts.
The emotional impact of intrusive thoughts should not be overlooked. Heightened anxiety levels and constant worry about the disturbing content can lead to feelings of shame, guilt, or self-doubt. These intrusive thoughts may also trigger depressive symptoms such as sadness, hopelessness, or a loss of interest in once-enjoyable activities.
Moreover, intrusive thoughts can significantly affect your relationships with others. Out of fear that others will judge you based on your thoughtsâ content, you may isolate yourself from social interactions. Interactions with loved ones may become strained as you struggle to explain why you are feeling distressed or preoccupied.
In light of this, seeking professional help is crucial when dealing with the impact of intrusive thoughts on your mental health. Mental health professionals can offer guidance and support through therapy techniques like cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) or exposure response prevention (ERP). With their assistance, you can develop coping mechanisms and strategies to reduce the frequency and intensity of these intrusions.
Remember that you are not alone in facing the impact of intrusive thoughts on your mental health. With proper support and treatment from professionals, it is possible to regain control over your mind and improve your overall well-being.
Letâs talk about intrusive thoughts and how they can affect our mental health.
Intrusive thoughts, a common phenomenon in the realm of mental health, have a profound impact on individualsâ well-being. These thoughts, which can be distressing and unwanted, often invade the mind unexpectedly, causing a significant disruption to oneâs daily life. They may manifest as disturbing images, impulsive urges, or irrational fears, leading to heightened anxiety and distress. Intrusive thoughts can range from harmless to more severe, such as thoughts of violence or self-harm, and can be particularly distressing for those experiencing them. The constant bombardment of these intrusive thoughts can be exhausting, affecting concentration, sleep patterns, and overall mental stability. It is important to recognise that intrusive thoughts do not indicate any moral failing or character flaw, but rather highlight the human mindâs complex nature. Seeking professional help, such as therapy or counselling, can provide influential strategies for managing and minimising the impact of intrusive thoughts on mental health.
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Understanding Intrusive Thoughts
Understanding intrusive thoughts can be a perplexing endeavour. Often unwanted and distressing, these thoughts can sometimes burst into our minds. They may range from disturbing or violent images to reflections challenging moral values. Intrusive thoughts are not subjective of oneâs character or desires but rather a common occurrence experienced by many individuals. They can be triggered by stress, anxiety, or even the random firing of neural circuits in the brain. It is important to note that having intrusive thoughts does not mean a person is mentally ill or dangerous. In fact, research suggests that the more we try to suppress these thoughts, the stronger and more persistent they become.
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Is there a misunderstanding about anxiety in teenage girls?
Anxiety is a common emotion experienced by people of all ages, but have we misunderstood its impact on teenage girls?
In today's fast-paced, high-pressure world, it is essential to understand the unique challenges that young girls face.
This article aims to shed light on the misconceptions surrounding anxiety in teenage girls and explore ways to support their mental health better.
Over the past decade, the number of American children and teenagers admitted to childrenâs hospitals for reporting suicidal thoughts has more than doubled. Some have not received help in time; after declining for years, the suicide rate for 15-to-19-year-olds shot up between 2007 and 2015, increasing by 31% for boys and more than doubling for girls.
Teenage anxiety in the post-COVID era has become more prevalent due to various factors. The pandemic has upended the lives of teenagers, disrupting their routines, social interactions, and education.
The uncertainty surrounding the virus, the fear of getting infected, and the constant changes in restrictions and guidelines have all contributed to heightened anxiety levels.
School psychologist Dr Lisa Damour frequently have girls seeking help for anxiety issues during a typical week. The University of Oxford's latest research found that social media is responsible for only a tiny portion of teenagers' unhappiness despite it often being blamed.
Lisa agrees with this research, stating that social media tends to magnify what is already occurring in their lives and is not a separate entity. In her new book, Under Pressure, Lisa Damour, a clinical psychologist and leading authority on teenage girls, argues that a certain level of stress and anxiety is typical and can have positive effects.
Being a professional working in a high-achieving private girls' school in Ohio and having her own practice, She observed that girls often discuss anxiety as a serious and lifelong condition. This realisation prompted her to write a book, as she noticed that almost every conversation she had at was centred around stress and anxiety in the past decade.
According to her, this phenomenon may be attributed to our cultural belief that negative emotions should be avoided and that relaxation and calm are highly valued. She believes that striving for constant peace and tranquillity is not necessarily beneficial, as it is unattainable and can result in disappointment and stress.
The author argues that the increasing use of quasi-medical diagnostic language can pathologise usual emotions, such as anxiety being used to describe nervousness and depression being used to express sadness. It was also noted that children are sometimes labelled as having "social anxiety" when they are shy in a culture that values extroversion.
She expresses a concern about reducing a broader range of emotional vocabulary. Educating teenagers about the distinction between positive and negative anxiety and healthy and unhealthy stress is occasionally necessary.
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Why do you struggle to resist a sugary snack or struggle with anxiety? The answer lies in our genes. Our genetic makeup plays an important role in shaping who we are and how we behave. Could it be possible that our genes are responsible for our circumstances?
Genes are the segments of DNA that provide instructions for the development and functioning of our bodies. They determine our physical attributes, such as eye colour, height, and hair texture. However, genes also influence our behaviour and predispose us to certain conditions or tendencies.
Studies at the world-leading Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research suggest that many of our traits are more than 50% inherited, and that specific genes influence risk-taking behaviour. If you have inherited these genes, you may be more likely to engage in adventurous activities or take risks in your personal or professional life. Similarly, genes can influence our susceptibility to addiction, religion and politics, and our choices are much more determined by our genes than we think.
Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to alcoholism or substance abuse, making it harder for them to resist the allure of these substances.
Even our mental health is influenced by our genes.
Conditions like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia have been linked to specific genetic variations. While genes alone do not determine whether we will develop these disorders, they can make us more vulnerable to their onset. This vulnerability and environmental factors can ultimately shape our mental health outcomes.
However, it is essential to note that genes are not the sole determinants of our behaviour or health. They interact with our environment and lifestyle choices to shape who we become. Genes provide the foundation, but our choices and experiences ultimately determine our destiny.
Understanding the role of genes in our lives can be empowering.
It allows us to recognise that certain traits or tendencies are not entirely within our control. It also emphasises the importance of self-awareness and self-care. Understanding our genetic predispositions enables us to make informed decisions that promote our well-being.
Moreover, the field of epigenetics has shed light on how our lifestyle choices can influence the activity of our genes. While we may inherit specific genes, their expression can be modified through diet, exercise, stress management, and other lifestyle factors. This means that we have the power to alter the impact of our genes on our health and behaviour.
So, are we victims of our gene expression?
The belief that we are mere victims of our genes has long been a prevalent notion in our society. It suggests that our inherent genetic makeup fully determines our destiny, leaving us powerless to change or improve ourselves. However, recent scientific research has shed new light on this topic, challenging the idea of genetic determinism.
While it is true that our genetic code plays a significant role in shaping who we are, it is not the sole dictator of our lives. Environmental factors, such as upbringing and experiences, also exert a powerful influence on our development. Our genes pencil in various options and our life experiences determine which get linked.
Moreover, the emerging field of epigenetics has revealed that various external stimuli can turn many inherited traits on and off, further debunking the notion of genetic predestination. This newfound understanding empowers us to take control of our own lives and make choices that can positively impact us and future generations. We are not simply victims of our genes; we can actively shape our destiny.
Exploring the Effects of Genetics and Stress on Mental Health
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A healthy mind is essential for overall well-being. It enables us to cope with the challenges of everyday life and maintain a positive outlook. But what does it mean to have a healthy mind?
It goes beyond just being free from mental illness; it encompasses having good mental health and emotional resilience. A healthy mind is characterised by clarity of thought, the ability to manage stress effectively, and the capacity to maintain balanced emotions.
It involves cultivating positive habits such as regular exercise, proper nutrition, and quality sleep. Engaging in activities that stimulate the mind, such as reading or solving puzzles, can also contribute to a healthier mental state.
Additionally, fostering strong social connections and seeking support when needed are crucial aspects of maintaining a healthy mind. By prioritising our mental well-being and taking proactive steps to nurture our minds, we can lead more fulfilling lives and better navigate the complexities of today's world.
Emotional resilience
Emotional Resilience plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy mind. It allows us to bounce back from setbacks and adapt to changes with greater ease. Developing emotional resilience involves building skills such as self-awareness, self-regulation, and empathy.
It requires us to recognise and understand our emotions, manage them effectively, and have the ability to empathize with others. Cultivating emotional resilience can be achieved through various practices like mindfulness meditation, journaling, or seeking therapy. Additionally, creating a support system of trusted friends or family members who can provide emotional support during challenging times is crucial.
Building emotional resilience not only enhances our mental well-being but also helps us thrive in different aspects of life, including relationships and work. It allows us to approach difficulties with a positive mindset and find creative solutions to problems. So remember, maintaining a healthy mind goes beyond physical health; it requires nurturing our emotional well-being too.
Positive habits
Positive habits play a significant role in maintaining a healthy mind. They provide a foundation for overall mental well-being and contribute to a more balanced and fulfilling life. Adopting regular exercise as a habit not only benefits physical health but also has profound effects on the mind.
Physical activity releases endorphins, which are known to boost mood and reduce stress levels. It can also improve sleep quality, increase cognitive function, and enhance self-esteem.
Another vital habit is proper nutrition, as our brain needs essential nutrients to function optimally. Eating a balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can support brain health and improve mental clarity.
Quality sleep is equally important for maintaining a healthy mind. It allows the brain to rest and recharge, facilitating better cognitive performance and emotional regulation during waking hours.
By adopting these positive habits into our daily routines, we can significantly contribute to our mental well-being and experience greater resilience in the face of challenges.
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Paranoid Schizophrenia: Learning and Managing this Condition
Paranoid schizophrenia is a complex and often debilitating mental illness that affects approximately 0.5% of the population.
Portrayed by a combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disorganised thinking, it can drastically impact a personâs ability to function in daily life.
In this article, we delve into the essential aspects of paranoid schizophrenia, including its symptoms, causes, and available treatments.
The term âparanoid schizophreniaâ is no longer used or recognised by experts. Instead, they tend to recognise schizophrenia as a specific disease in a spectrum of related conditions involving psychosis.
The American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization (WHO) removed paranoid schizophrenia from their respective diagnostic manuals in 2013.
Who does it affect?
Schizophrenia typically occurs at varying ages depending on biological sex, with no significant rate differences.
It commonly begins between ages 15 and 25 for individuals assigned male at birth and between 25 and 35 for those assigned female at birth. While rare, schizophrenia can also affect children; the condition tends to be more severe in these cases.
In infrequent instances, doctors may diagnose schizophrenia in someone under 13 years of age. This is called Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS).
Less than 1 in 40,000 children get this diagnosis, according to a 2019 review. Because childhood-onset schizophrenia is so rare, it is not well understood and difficult to diagnose, and until 1980, autism was then called âchildhood schizophrenia.â
Symptoms of Paranoid Schizophrenia
Positive signs â any change in behaviour or thoughts, such as hallucinations or delusions.
1. Hallucinations: can involve the five sensory perceptions (Sight, Sound, Taste, Smell, or Touch) whose experience is not based on reality. Auditory hallucinations, such as hearing voices, are the most common form of paranoid schizophrenia. These hallucinations can be distressing and may contribute to the formation of delusional belief.
2. Delusions: Individuals with paranoid schizophrenia experience persistent and irrational beliefs that are not based on truth. These delusions often involve themes of persecution, conspiracy, or grandiosity.
They may believe people on TV or in newspaper articles are communicating messages to them alone. They may assume that there are hidden messages in the colours of cars passing on the street or find different meanings in everyday events or occurrences.
3. Paranoia: is characterised by a pattern of behaviour in which a person experiences distrust and suspicion towards others, leading them to act accordingly. Delusions and hallucinations are two symptoms that may involve paranoia. They may exhibit emotions of grandiosity, believing they have special powers or are destined for greatness.
4. Disorganised thinking: People with this condition often struggle with organising their thoughts and expressing themselves coherently. Some people need help concentrating and will drift from one idea to another. Their speech may be tangential, illogical, or contain invented words.
5. Social withdrawal: Due to their paranoid thoughts and disorganised thinking, individuals with paranoid schizophrenia may isolate themselves from social interactions, leading to a decline in personal relationships and overall functioning. However, becoming socially withdrawn and unresponsive or changing sleeping patterns can be mistaken for an adolescent âLife Phaseâ.
Negative symptoms experienced by people living with schizophrenia can include:
They do not want to look after themselves and their needs, such as not caring about personal hygiene. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia can often lead to relationship problems with friends and family, as they..............
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In the world of neuroscience and psychology, there are intriguing conditions that challenge our fundamental understanding of perception.
One such condition is agnosia, which disrupts somebodyâs ability to recognise or interpret sensory information. Agnosia usually affects only a single information pathway in the brain. If you have this condition, you can still think, speak, and interact with the world.
While it may sound like a relatively simple concept, delving into the complexities of agnosia reveals a rich tapestry of mental processes and brain functions at work. In this article, we explore agnosia, unravelling its various forms and shedding light on what it truly means to grapple with this mysterious disorder.
Join us as we dig deeper into understanding how perception impairment can manifest in fascinating and perplexing ways.
Agnosia (in Greek gnosis- "not knowing") is a neurological condition in which a patient cannot recognise and identify objects, persons, or sounds using one or more of their senses despite their normally functioning senses.
Therefore, agnosia is a neurological disorder that affects a personâs ability to recognise and interpret sensory information. It can occur in various forms, each involving a different sensory modality.
There are three main types of agnosia: visual, auditory, and tactile.
Letâs commence with a short summary of the different spectrums of agnosia:
1. Visual Agnosia: This is the most common form of agnosia and affects a personâs ability to recognise visually presented objects, faces, or shapes. They may still have intact vision, but their brain cannot correctly process and interpret visual information.
2. Auditory Agnosia: This type of agnosia impacts a personâs ability to recognise and interpret sounds, such as speech or environmental noises. They may hear sounds but have difficulty understanding their meaning or distinguishing between those sounds.
3. Tactile Agnosia: This form of agnosia affects a personâs sense of touch, making it challenging for them to recognise objects through touch alone. They may need help identifying shapes, textures, or temperatures through contact.
4. Prosopagnosia: Also known as face blindness, prosopagnosia is a specific type of visual agnosia where individuals cannot recognise familiar faces, including those of family members or close friends. They may rely on other cues, such as voice or clothing, to identify people.
5. Anosognosia: Anosognosia refers to a lack of awareness or recognition of oneâs own illness or disability. This can occur in various neurological conditions, including agnosia itself. Individuals with anosognosia may deny or be unaware of their impairment, making it challenging to seek treatment or support.
It is important to note that agnosia can occur due to brain injuries or degenerative neurological conditions and can vary in severity. But
stroke is the most common cause of aphasia. Treatment options may include rehabilitation therapy, adaptive strategies, and support from healthcare professionals.
Letâs now look at each situation in more detail.
Visual Agnosia: Unravelling the Mystery of Impaired Object Recognition
Visual agnosia is a fascinating disorder that hinders an individualâs ability to recognise and identify objects they see. How our brain processes visual information helps us, from learning as children to seeing the world and interacting with our environments, throughout our lives.
Because of the ease with which we rely on these perceptual processes, we tend to overlook the complexity behind visual information processing. It is not related to any issues with vision or intelligence, but rather arises from a disruption in the higher level of visual processing we once took for granted.
Visual agnosia is a
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In our quest to unravel the complex workings of the human mind, we often encounter enigmatic conditions that confound our understanding.
One such condition is Alexithymia, also known as (AKA) emotional blindness. This fascinating yet little-known phenomenon profoundly affects oneâs emotional well-being.
Unlocking the secrets of this mysterious condition is essential for gaining insight into the intricate mechanisms underlying our emotions and paving the way towards improved psychological health.
The Origins and Definition of Alexithymia: We Hold the Key to Unravelling this Enigma.
Peter Emanuel Sifneos introduced into psychiatry the term alexithymia, published in 1972 was then viewed as a deficit in emotional awareness, but it also had origins in Freudian psychodynamic literature.
According to research, alexithymia is more common in males, with approximately 8% of men experiencing it compared to 2% of women. However, it is necessary to note that these numbers may not accurately reflect the true prevalence, as alexithymia often goes undiagnosed or unrecognised.
Studies have also suggested the possibility of cross-cultural differences in alexithymia and found to be more elevated within rural areas relative to urban populations.
In our relentless pursuit to understand the complexities of the human mind, we are often confronted with perplexing conditions that defy explanation. One such condition is Alexithymia, a captivating yet relatively unfamiliar phenomenon that profoundly impacts an individualâs emotional well-being.
To unlock the enigmatic nature of this condition is vital, as it provides us with invaluable insight into the intricate mechanisms that govern our emotions, leading to potential advancements in psychological health. This article now delves more into Alexithymiaâs depths, definition, symptoms, and far-reaching consequences on individuals.
At its core, Alexithymia is characterised by an individualâs difficulty recognising, processing, and expressing emotions.
The word itself stems from the Greek words âa-lexisâ meaning âlack of wordsâ and âthymosâ meaning âemotionâ or âsoul.â
This roughly denotes âno words for emotion.â Thereby, individuals with Alexithymia struggle to find the appropriate words to describe their internal emotional experiences, often leading to a sense of detachment and disconnection from their own particular feelings. The deficiency in emotional awareness can manifest in various ways, such as an inability to differentiate between physical sensations and emotions or a tendency to rely on external stimuli to understand their emotional state.
Such blunted emotional awareness can range from mild to severe, and is often associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Regarding comorbidity, alexithymia is commonly associated with conditions such as depression, anxiety, trauma, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance misuse, to name a few psychological disturbances.
It is important to note that alexithymia is not a mental illness but a personality trait or characteristic that individuals may possess. However, it can contribute to mental health challenges and should be addressed and treated as part of an individualâs overall well-being.
Relationships
The consequences of Alexithymia are far-reaching, impacting an individualâs emotional well-being, relationships, and overall quality of life. The inability to effectively communicate and understand oneâs emotions can hinder the development of meaningful connections with others, leading to difficulties in forming and maintaining intimate relationships.
Similarly, the lack of emotional intimacy and depth in relationships affected by Alexithymia can hinder bonding and intimacy. Emotional connection is a vital aspect of any healthy relationship. When one or both partners struggle with identifying and expressing
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A Comprehensive Guide To Mind-Wandering
Do you often find yourself lost in your thoughts, utterly detached from the present moment? If so, youâre not alone. This phenomenon is known as mind-wandering, a common occurrence for many people.
Hereâs an article explaining everything you need to know about mind-wandering.
Mind wandering is associated with many appellations, and you may recognise the term as daydreaming, off-task thinking, spontaneous stimulus-independent thought, or even a task-unrelated thought.
Itâs when our thoughts drift away from the task and wander into unrelated issues. Despite its negative connotation, recent research suggests that mind-wandering can positively and negatively affect our well-being, cognitive abilities, social interactions, and creativity. While your mind travels into the future or back to the past, you start to ruminate on past regrets or failures.
Deterrently, most of our musings are focused on the future rather than the past. Matt Killingsworth, then a doctoral student in 2010 at Harvard University, said our ancestorsâ ability to imagine and plan for upcoming dangers must have been adaptive.
Today, it might help us plan for looming deadlines and sources of workplace conflict. His research showed that individuals' minds tended to wander 47 per cent of the time. Looking at everyday daily activities, including working, shopping and exercising, they found that individuals' minds had wandered the least during sex (10 per cent of the time) and the most during grooming activities (65 per cent of the time)âincluding taking a shower.
The shower appears especially prone to mind wandering because it requires relatively little thought compared to a skilled activity like cooking. He then states, "A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind." Equally intriguing to researchers was the effect of mind wandering on somebodyâs disposition: Overall, people were less happy when their minds wandered.
The Mechanisms of Mind-Wandering: What Happens in the Brain?
The mechanisms of mind-wandering are complex and involve different areas of the brain. Scientists have found that when our minds wander, a default mode network (DMN) becomes active. This network consists of various regions in the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, medial temporal lobe, and others.
Studies show that certain factors can affect activity level and coordination within DMN, leading to different types of mind-wandering experiences.
For instance, stress, anxiety or fatigue may prompt negative thoughts during mind wandering, whereas positive mood states may lead to more positive thoughts. Switching between focused attention tasks like solving a maths problem or creative activities like writing lyrics has also been shown to change how DMN is activated.
To consolidate this information, the default mode network (DMN) is an active group of interconnected brain regions when you focus not on the outside world but on your inner thoughts, such as mind wandering and self-talk. When your brain is in its default mode, the DMN becomes more active, increasing self-referential thought processing and imagination.
The default mode network is necessary for mental processing, including decision-making, self-reflection, and creativity. Studies have shown that the DMN is always active, even when individuals are engaged in tasks that require full attention and focus.
This constant activity suggests that the default mode network is the brain's default mode and cannot simply be switched off like your personal computer when it becomes inactive or idle. Rather, your brain is always engaged in some form of self-reflection, even when it is processing external stimuli.
Nevertheless, overactivity in the DMN has been linked to anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders.
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