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Part 1 focuses on the drum as an ancient technology of altered consciousness. The argument is not that every beat causes trance, or that neuroscience has proven spirits. The stronger argument is that rhythm enters the human organism through hearing, motor prediction, breath, movement, attention, emotion, expectation, culture, and social synchrony. The drum becomes powerful when sound, body, group, ritual frame, and meaning converge. These sources support the archaeology, neuroscience, EEG research, shamanic studies, possession studies, Indigenous and culturally specific drum traditions, ritual theory, placebo and meaning-response research, ceremonial magic, and modern witchcraft material used in the episode.
Core Academic and Scientific Sources
Huels, Emma R., Hyoungkyu Kim, UnCheol Lee, Tirsa Bel-Bahar, Ana V. Colmenero, Alexandra Nelson, Stefanie Blain-Moraes, George A. Mashour, and Richard E. Harris. “Neural Correlates of the Shamanic State of Consciousness.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15 (2021): 610466.
Gordon, Yoel, Golan Karvat, Noa Dagan, and Ayelet N. Landau. “Neural Tracking at Theta Predicts Drumming-Induced Altered States of Consciousness.” Scientific Reports 16, no. 1 (2026): Article 10204.
Aparicio-Terrés, R., et al. “The Neurobiology of Altered States of Consciousness Induced by Drumming and Other Rhythmic Sound Patterns.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2025.
Neher, Andrew. “Auditory Driving Observed with Scalp Electrodes in Normal Subjects.” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 13 (1961): 449–451.
Neher, Andrew. “A Physiological Explanation of Unusual Behavior in Ceremonies Involving Drums.” Human Biology 34, no. 2 (1962): 151–160.
Maurer, R., V. K. Kumar, L. Woodside, and R. J. Pekala. “Phenomenological Experience in Response to Monotonous Drumming and Hypnotizability.” American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 40, no. 2 (1997): 130–145.
Use for monotonous drumming, subjective altered experience, imagery, absorption, and hypnotizability.
Maxfield, Melinda C. “Effects of Rhythmic Drumming on EEG and Subjective Experience.” PhD diss., Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, 1990.
Use as older supporting context on drumming, EEG, imagery, body-image changes, and subjective altered experience. Do not make this the main scientific proof; use it as background.
Nozaradan, Sylvie, Isabelle Peretz, and André Mouraux. “Tagging the Neuronal Entrainment to Beat and Meter.” The Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 28 (2011): 10234–10240.
Use for EEG evidence that the brain can track beat and meter. This supports the claim that the brain does not merely hear rhythm as background sound; it can represent rhythmic structure in measurable ways.
Nozaradan, Sylvie. “Exploring How Musical Rhythm Entrains Brain Activity with Electroencephalogram Frequency-Tagging.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369, no. 1658 (2014).
Use as broader rhythm/EEG entrainment support. This helps explain frequency-tagging, beat tracking, meter, neural entrainment, and the measurable relationship between rhythmic structure and brain activity.
Thaut, Michael H., Gerald C. McIntosh, and Volker Hoemberg. “Neurobiological Foundations of Neurologic Music Therapy: Rhythmic Entrainment and the Motor System.” Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2015).
Use for rhythm as motor-system timing information. This supports the claim that a beat can become bodily instruction, not just sound for the ear. Especially useful when discussing rhythmic auditory stimulation, motor planning, gait, entrainment, and the auditory-motor bridge.
Ross, Jessica M., John R. Iversen, and Ramesh Balasubramaniam. “Time Perception for Musical Rhythms: Sensorimotor Perspectives on Entrainment, Simulation, and Prediction.” 2022.
Use for rhythm, timing, prediction, sensorimotor entrainment, and the way musical rhythm interacts with time perception.
Hove, Michael J., and Jane L. Risen. “It’s All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation.” Social Cognition 27, no. 6 (2009): 949–960.
Use for synchrony and social bonding. This helps support the group-body argument: moving or acting in time with others can increase affiliation.
Wiltermuth, Scott S., and Chip Heath. “Synchrony and Cooperation.” Psychological Science 20, no. 1 (2009): 1–5.
Use for the claim that synchronized movement can increase cooperation and attachment among participants.
Tarr, Bronwyn, Jacques Launay, and Robin I. M. Dunbar. “Music and Social Bonding: ‘Self-Other’ Merging and Neurohormonal Mechanisms.” Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014): 1096.
Use for music, synchrony, bonding, endorphin/social mechanisms, and why group rhythm can feel like more than private listening.
Fancourt, Daisy, Rosie Perkins, Sara Ascenso, Louise Atkins, Fatima Kilfeather, and Aaron Williamon. “Effects of Group Drumming Interventions on Anxiety, Depression, Social Resilience and Inflammatory Immune Response among Mental Health Service Users.” PLOS ONE 11, no. 3 (2016): e0151136.
Use for modern group-drumming research showing psychological and physiological effects, including anxiety, depression, social resilience, wellbeing, and inflammatory immune response. Use carefully: this does not make group drumming a cure-all. It supports the more grounded claim that embodied rhythm and group participation can affect mood, social connection, and body chemistry.
Bittman, Barry B., et al. “Composite Effects of Group Drumming Music Therapy on Modulation of Neuroendocrine-Immune Parameters in Normal Subjects.” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 7, no. 1 (2001): 38–47.
Use as older supporting material on group drumming and neuroendocrine-immune measures. Keep secondary. Fancourt is cleaner for the main script body.
Archaeology and Deep History of Drums
Lawergren, Bo. “Neolithic Drums in China.” In Music Archaeology in China. 2006.
Use for clay drums in Neolithic China and the deep-history claim that drums are not just poetic symbols of antiquity. They appear in the archaeological record as instruments tied to early sound-making, ceremony, and social order.
Both, Arnd Adje. “Music Archaeology: Some Methodological and Theoretical Considerations.”
Use as general support for why ancient instruments should be treated as ritual and social evidence, not merely decorative objects.
Anthropology, Ethnomusicology, Ritual, and Trance
Rouget, Gilbert. Music and Trance: A Theory of the Relations Between Music and Possession. Translated by Brunhilde Biebuyck. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Essential source. Use for the caution that music does not mechanically or universally cause trance. Rouget helps keep the argument academically serious by emphasizing culture, ritual frame, meaning, and expectation.
Becker, Judith. Deep Listeners: Music, Emotion, and Trancing. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
Use for music-linked trancing, emotional absorption, religious experience, and culturally trained ways of listening. This supports the “hearing versus entering” distinction.
McNeill, William H. Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Use for marching, dance, drill, muscular bonding, synchronized movement, and rhythm as social glue. This is useful both for Part 1’s group-body material and Part 2’s war-drum material.
Eliade, Mircea. Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.
Use carefully. Eliade’s phrase “archaic techniques of ecstasy” is powerful, but the episode should also note that later scholarship criticizes his tendency to universalize shamanism.
Winkelman, Michael. Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing. 2nd ed. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010.
Use for shamanism as a ritual technology involving altered consciousness, healing, social integration, symbolism, and body-brain processes.
Winkelman, Michael. “Shamanism and Psychedelics: A Biogenetic Structuralist Paradigm of Ecopsychology.” European Journal of Ecopsychology 4 (2013): 90–115.
Use as supplemental background on shamanism, altered consciousness, and comparative models of trance and visionary states.
Kontouli, Athanasia, Michael J. Hove, Alexandre Lehmann, Peter Vuust, and Peter E. Keller. “The Rhythms of Trance: Cultural Phenomenology and Neural Mechanisms of Music-Induced Lewis-Williams, David. The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art. London: Thames & Hudson, 2002.
Use cautiously for altered states, entoptic imagery, ritual vision, and the relationship between neuropsychology and symbolic culture.
Non-Ordinary States of Consciousness.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2026.
Use for the bridge between cultural phenomenology and neuroscience. This supports the point that music-induced trance is not only acoustics; it involves body, training, expectation, culture, environment, and interpretation.
Tart, Charles T., ed. Altered States of Consciousness. New York: Wiley, 1969.
Use as classic altered-state background.
Hultkrantz, Åke. “The Drum in Shamanism.”
Use for classic comparative material on the shamanic drum, especially Arctic, Siberi
Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
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If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
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Core historical / comparative sources
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “moon worship.” Good for the broad comparative frame: lunar symbolism, death-rebirth, hunting vs. agrarian patterns, and why the moon is sometimes male and sometimes female.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “The moon,” in Nature Worship: Celestial Phenomena as Objects of Worship or Veneration. Good for lunar phases, magical timing, menstruation/tides, dangerous dark days, eclipse anxiety, and symbolic variation.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Celestial phenomena as objects of worship or veneration,” in Nature Worship. Useful for the broader claim that many hunting and gathering societies, and some pastoral and royal cultures, conceived the moon as male.Mesopotamia
Oracc / Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses. “Nanna-Suen.” Best core reference for the identity, names, and cultic status of the Mesopotamian moon god.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Sin.” Best quick reference for Nanna/Sin as moon god, his bull symbolism, Ur, fertility functions, and Nabonidus.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Enheduanna.” Useful if you want to reference the priestly/literary world attached to the cult of Nanna at Ur.Egypt
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Khonsu.” Strong for Khonsu as youth, moon god, Pyramid Text background, and Karnak.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Thoth.” Strong for Thoth as moon god of reckoning, learning, writing, and later Hermetic importance.The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Collections and bulletin material on Iah / Osiris-Iah and Egyptian lunar symbolism. Best for the more specialized lunar material beyond Khonsu and Thoth.Levant / Anatolia / Near East
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Yarikh.” Best starting point for the Ugaritic / West Semitic moon god and the Nikkal marriage material.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Kushukh.” Best for the Hurrian moon god, oath function, iconography, and Hittite adoption.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Religions of the Hittites, Hattians, and Hurrians,” in Anatolian religion. Best broad source for Arma and the Hittite/Luwian/Hurrian lunar world.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Men.” Best source for the later Anatolian moon god, iconography, and possible tie to Mao.Arabia
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Arabian religion.” Good for the broad astral background of pre-Islamic Arabian religion.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Pre-Islamic deities,” in Arabian religion. Essential for Wadd, ʿAmm, Ḥawl, and for correcting outdated claims about Almaqah and Syn.India and Iran
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “navagraha.” Good for Chandra/Soma in astrology and lived Hindu cosmology.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “nakshatra.” Best for lunar mansions, lunar months, and Chandra’s mythic/calendar role.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “soma.” Essential for Soma as sacred drink and later lunar identification.Encyclopaedia Iranica. “Māh Yašt.” Best specialist source for the Iranian moon, lunar phases, and the “seed of the Bull” symbolism.Northern / Eastern Europe
Britannica Kids / Students. “Sól and Máni.” Good clean source for the Norse sibling pair and the male moon.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Mēness.” Best source for the Baltic moon god, renewal, prayer, and agricultural strength.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Slavic religion: Folk conceptions.” Essential for the masculine Slavic moon, kinship language, and lunar veneration.Japan
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Tsukiyomi.” Best short source for Tsukuyomi as moon god.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Izanagi.” Useful for the birth of Tsukuyomi from purification and the Shintō context.Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Ukemochi no Kami.” Best source for the separation myth involving Tsukuyomi and Amaterasu.Indigenous / circumpolar traditions
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Oral literatures,” in Mythologies of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. Best broad source for the Arctic male moon pursuing his sister the sun.Encyclopedia.com. “Igaluk.” Useful specialist entry for the Inuit moon god story.Mesoamerica
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Aztec religion.” Best for the Teotihuacán fire myth and Tecciztécatl becoming the moon.Susan Milbrath. “The Moon in Meso-America.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science (2020). Best specialist source for masculine moon material in Central Mexico and broader lunar roles in Mesoamerica.Qabalah / Jewish mysticism / occult sourcesHistorical Jewish mysticism
Encyclopaedia Britannica. “sefirot.” Best concise source for the sefirot, including Yesod as “foundation.”Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Jewish mysticism,” in Judaism. Good for the broader Kabbalistic context.My Jewish Learning. “What Are the Sefirot?” Good readable support source for explaining sefirot on air.Western esoteric / occult Qabalah
Dion Fortune. The Mystical Qabalah. Weiser, 2000. Strongest single occult source for Yesod as astral foundation, imaginal reservoir, and “treasure house of images” current.Aleister Crowley. 777 and Other Qabalistic Writings of Aleister Crowley. Weiser, 1986. Best for formal occult correspondences, including the Yesod-Moon scheme.Aleister Crowley. Magick Without Tears. New Falcon, 1991. Useful for Crowley’s practical Qabalistic framing.Lon Milo DuQuette. The Chicken Qabalah of Rabbi Lamed Ben Clifford. Weiser, 2001. Good modern, readable summary of Yesod in Western occult terms.Israel Regardie. The Tree of Life: A Study in Magic. Weiser, 1972. Strong for Golden Dawn style Yesod/astral-plane framing.Gareth Knight. A Practical Guide to Qabalistic Symbolism. Weiser, 2001. Very useful for Yesod symbolism and the broader Tree of Life structure.Science / symbolism support
NASA Science. “Moon Phases.” Best source for the simple but important physical point that moonlight is reflected sunlight.NASA Science. “Eclipses.” Useful if you want a clean science-side reference when talking about eclipses before contrasting that with mythic fear and ritual response.
Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
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Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
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Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
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Biblio
Bernardi, Luciano, Peter Sleight, Gabriele Bandinelli, Simone Cencetti, Luciano Fattorini, Johanna Wdowczyc-Szulc, and Alfonso Lagi. “Effect of Rosary Prayer and Yoga Mantras on Autonomic Cardiovascular Rhythms: Comparative Study.” BMJ 323, no. 7327 (2001): 1446–1449.
Benson, Herbert, John W. Lehmann, Mark S. Malhotra, Ralph F. Goldman, Jeffrey Hopkins, and Mark D. Epstein. “Body Temperature Changes During the Practice of g Tum-mo Yoga.” Nature 295 (1982): 234–236.
Benson, Herbert, Mark S. Malhotra, Ralph F. Goldman, Gregory D. Jacobs, and Jeffrey Hopkins. “Three Case Reports of the Metabolic and Electroencephalographic Changes During Advanced Buddhist Meditation Techniques.” Behavioral Medicine 16, no. 2 (1990): 90–95.
Bremer, Brandon, Lorenzo Wu, Zoran Josipovic, and colleagues. “Mindfulness Meditation Increases Default Mode, Salience, and Central Executive Network Connectivity.” Scientific Reports 12 (2022).
Brewer, Judson A., Patrick D. Worhunsky, Jeremy R. Gray, Yi-Yuan Tang, Jochen Weber, and Hedy Kober. “Meditation Experience Is Associated with Differences in Default Mode Network Activity and Connectivity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 50 (2011): 20254–20259.
Britton, Willoughby B. and colleagues. Research associated with the “Varieties of Contemplative Experience” project on meditation-related challenges, adverse effects, and safety considerations in contemplative practice.
Crowley, Aleister. Liber E vel Exercitiorum sub figura IX. In the A∴A∴ training corpus. Relevant sections include asana, pranayama, and dharana as foundational magical exercises.
Dennison, Paul. “Insights From an EEG Study of Buddhist Jhāna Meditation.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13 (2019).
Fialoke, Shantala, Helen Weng, and colleagues. “Functional Connectivity Changes in Meditators and Novices During Yoga Nidra Practice.” Scientific Reports 14 (2024).
Fox, Kieran C. R., Savannah Nijeboer, Matthew L. Dixon, James L. Floman, Melissa Ellamil, Samuel P. Rumak, Peter Sedlmeier, and Kalina Christoff. “Is Meditation Associated with Altered Brain Structure? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Morphometric Neuroimaging in Meditation Practitioners.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 43 (2014): 48–73.
Hölzel, Britta K., James Carmody, Mark Vangel, Christina Congleton, Sita M. Yerramsetti, Tim Gard, and Sara W. Lazar. “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density.” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 191, no. 1 (2011): 36–43.
Kozhevnikov, Maria, Olesya Louchakova, Zoran Josipovic, and Michael A. Motes. “The Enhancement of Visuospatial Processing Efficiency Through Buddhist Deity Meditation.” Psychological Science 20, no. 5 (2009): 645–653.
Kozhevnikov, Maria, John A. Elliott, Jennifer Shephard, and Klaus Gramann. “Neurocognitive and Somatic Components of Temperature Increases During g-Tummo Meditation: Legend and Reality.” PLOS ONE 8, no. 3 (2013): e58244.
Laukkonen, Ruben E., and Heleen A. Slagter. “From Many to (N)one: Meditation and the Plasticity of the Predictive Mind.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 128 (2021): 199–217.
Lomas, Tim, Juan Carlos Ivtzan, and Itai K. Fu. “A Systematic Review of the Neurophysiology of Mindfulness on EEG Oscillations.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 57 (2015): 401–410.
Lott, James P., Richard J. Davidson, John D. Dunne, Thupten Jinpa, Antoine Lutz, and colleagues. “No Detectable Electroencephalographic Activity After Clinical Declaration of Death Among Tibetan Buddhist Meditators in Apparent Tukdam.” Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2021): 599190.
Lutz, Antoine, Lawrence L. Greischar, Nancy B. Rawlings, Matthieu Ricard, and Richard J. Davidson. “Long-term Meditators Self-induce High-amplitude Gamma Synchrony During Mental Practice.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 46 (2004): 16369–16373.
Lutz, Antoine, Julie Brefczynski-Lewis, Tom Johnstone, and Richard J. Davidson. “Regulation of the Neural Circuitry of Emotion by Compassion Meditation: Effects of Meditative Expertise.” PLoS ONE 3, no. 3 (2008): e1897.
Matko, Karin, Peter Sedlmeier, and colleagues. “Adverse Effects of Meditation and Mindfulness in Clinical Practice.” 2025.
Patanjali. Yoga Sutras. Especially Book III, traditionally describing dharana, dhyana, and samadhi.
Riegner, Gretchen, Fadel Zeidan, and colleagues. “Disentangling Self from Pain: Mindfulness Meditation-Induced Pain Relief Is Driven by Thalamic-Default Mode Network Decoupling.” Pain 164, no. 2 (2023): 280–291.
Tang, Yi-Yuan, Britta K. Hölzel, and Michael I. Posner. “The Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16 (2015): 213–225.
Vago, David R., and David A. Silbersweig. “Self-awareness, Self-regulation, and Self-transcendence: A Framework for Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms of Mindfulness.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6 (2012): 296.
Zeidan, Fadel, and colleagues. Research on mindfulness meditation, pain modulation, attention, and the neural mechanisms of pain relief.
Slagter, Heleen A., Antoine Lutz, Lawrence L. Greischar, Andrew D. Francis, Sander Nieuwenhuis, James M. Davis, and Richard J. Davidson. “Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources.” PLOS Biology 5, no. 6 (2007): e138.
Use for: Attentional blink, limited attention, and meditation changing how the brain allocates resources.
Hölzel, Britta K., James Carmody, Mark Vangel, Christina Congleton, Sita M. Yerramsetti, Tim Gard, and Sara W. Lazar. “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density.” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 191, no. 1 (2011): 36–43.
Use for: Neuroplasticity, repeated practice leaving measurable marks on the brain, and the “practice writes itself into the practitioner” idea.
Laukkonen, Ruben E., and Heleen A. Slagter. “From Many to (N)one: Meditation and the Plasticity of the Predictive Mind.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 128 (2021): 199–217.
Use for: Predictive processing, the brain as a prediction machine, meditation loosening automatic models, and the “veil” argument.
Lutz, Antoine, Julie Brefczynski-Lewis, Tom Johnstone, and Richard J. Davidson. “Regulation of the Neural Circuitry of Emotion by Compassion Meditation: Effects of Meditative Expertise.” PLOS ONE 3, no. 3 (2008): e1897.
Use for: Compassion meditation, loving-kindness, emotional circuitry, and training compassion as a repeatable state rather than just a moral idea.
Kok, Bethany E., Kimberly A. Coffey, Michael A. Cohn, Lahnna I. Catalino, Tanya Vacharkulksemsuk, Sara B. Algoe, Marc A. Brantley, and Barbara L. Fredrickson. “How Positive Emotions Build Physical Health: Perceived Positive Social Connections Account for the Upward Spiral Between Positive Emotions and Vagal Tone.” Psychological Science 24, no. 7 (2013): 1123–1132.
Use for: Loving-kindness, social connection, vagal tone, and the cautious “social nervous system” bridge.
Black, David S., and George M. Slavich. “Mindfulness Meditation and the Immune System: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1373, no. 1 (2016): 13–24.
Use for: Immune-system caution, inflammation markers, cell-mediated immunity, biological aging, and why this material should be framed as tentative rather than miracle healing.
Burić, Ivana, Miguel Farias, Jonathan Jong, Christopher Mee, and Inti A. Brazil. “What Is the Molecular Signature of Mind–Body Interventions? A Systematic Review of Gene Expression Changes Induced by Meditation and Related Practices.” Frontiers in Immunology 8 (2017): 670.
Use for: Stress biology, inflammatory gene expression, NF-kB-related language, and the cautious claim that mind-body practices may affect biology below ordinary mood.
Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
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Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
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Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
Thank you and enjoy the episode!
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Bibliography
Aelian. On the Characteristics of Animals. Translated by A. F. Scholfield. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958–1959.
Assmann, Jan. The Search for God in Ancient Egypt. Translated by David Lorton. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.
British Museum. “Papyrus of Nesmin; Bremner-Rhind Papyrus, EA10188.” Notes that the Book of Overthrowing Apep appears in columns 22–32, with the Names of Apep in columns 32–33, and gives a production date of 305 BCE.
British Museum. Babylon Teachers’ Resource. Notes Marduk’s association with the snake-dragon or mušḫuššu.
Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion. Translated by John Raffan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.
Day, John. God’s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea: Echoes of a Canaanite Myth in the Old Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Detroit Institute of Arts. “Mushhushshu-Dragon, Symbol of the God Marduk.”
Eliade, Mircea. Patterns in Comparative Religion. Translated by Rosemary Sheed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.
Etymonline. “Draco.” Notes Greek drakon from derkesthai, “to see clearly.”
Faulkner, R. O. “The Bremner-Rhind Papyrus—III: D. The Book of Overthrowing ‘Apep.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 23, no. 2 (1937): 166–185.
Ferdowsi. Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings. Translated by Dick Davis. New York: Penguin Classics, 2016.
Herodotus. The Histories. Translated by A. D. Godley. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1920. See especially 2.75 on winged serpents and ibises, and 3.107 on frankincense-guarding serpents.
Hornung, Erik. Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: The One and the Many. Translated by John Baines. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.
Isbell, Lynne A. The Fruit, the Tree, and the Serpent: Why We See So Well. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
Jacobus de Voragine. The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints. Translated by William Granger Ryan. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.
Jones, David E. An Instinct for Dragons. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Le, Quan Van, Lynne A. Isbell, Jumpei Matsumoto, Minh Nguyen, Hikari Hori, Mai Mai, Tomohiro Nishimaru, et al. “Pulvinar Neurons Reveal Neurobiological Evidence of Past Selection for Rapid Detection of Snakes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 47 (2013): 19000–19005. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312648110.
LeDoux, Joseph. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
Lincoln, Bruce. Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
MacLean, Paul D. The Triune Brain in Evolution: Role in Paleocerebral Functions. New York: Plenum Press, 1990.
Mayor, Adrienne. The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000; revised edition, 2011.
Öhman, Arne, and Susan Mineka. “Fears, Phobias, and Preparedness: Toward an Evolved Module of Fear and Fear Learning.” Psychological Review 108, no. 3 (2001): 483–522.
Pessoa, Luiz. The Cognitive-Emotional Brain: From Interactions to Integration. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013.
Pliny the Elder. Natural History. Translated by H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938–1962.
Smith, Mark S. The Ugaritic Baal Cycle. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994–2009.
Smith, Mark S. The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Varenne, Jean, trans. The Rig Veda. New York: Park Street Press, 1984.
Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. “Aždahā.” Encyclopaedia Iranica. Defines aždahā as dragon-like, gigantic snake monsters found in air, earth, or sea, sometimes linked to rain and eclipses.
Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
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Mark
Links:
https://traditionalistblog.blogspot.com/
https://www.amazon.com/Traditionalism-Mark-J-Sedgwick/dp/0241487935/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0
https://www.amazon.com/stores/author/B001IXOEIW
Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
Thank you and enjoy the episode!
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Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
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WORKS CITED
Arnold van Gennep. The Rites of Passage. 1909; English translation, University of Chicago Press, 1960.
Use for: separation, transition, incorporation, initiatory structure, and the candidate’s movement through old identity, liminal state, and return.
Victor Turner. “Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites of Passage.” In The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Cornell University Press, 1967.
Use for: liminality, threshold identity, the candidate as “betwixt and between,” and darkness as embodied transition.
Victor Turner. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Aldine Publishing, 1969.
Use for: liminality, communitas, anti-structure, social transformation, and the ritual pressure placed on ordinary identity.
Catherine Bell. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. Oxford University Press, 1992.
Use for: ritualization, ritual power, the ritualized body, and the temple as a structured environment that trains perception and action.
Catherine Bell. “The Ritual Body and the Dynamics of Ritual Power.” Journal of Ritual Studies 4, no. 2 (1990): 299–313.
Use for: ritualized bodies, spatial discipline, gesture, power, and the way ritual arrangements shape action.
John C. Lilly. The Deep Self: Profound Relaxation and the Tank Isolation Technique. Simon & Schuster, 1977.
Use for: the isolation tank, reduced stimulation, altered consciousness, and the modern technological black room.
John C. Lilly. The Center of the Cyclone: Looking into Inner Space. Julian Press, 1972.
Use carefully for: Lilly’s altered-state/counterculture context, isolation tank work, consciousness exploration, and the bridge between research and psychedelic-era experimentation.
Justin S. Feinstein et al. “Examining the Short-Term Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effect of Floatation-REST.” PLOS ONE 13, no. 2 (2018): e0190292.
Use for: Floatation-REST, reduced environmental stimulation, anxiety reduction, mood change, and the clinical side of float tanks.
Hannah Hruby et al. “Induction of Altered States of Consciousness During Floatation-REST Is Associated With the Dissolution of Body Boundaries and the Distortion of Subjective Time.” Scientific Reports 14 (2024).
Use for: float tanks, altered states, body-boundary dissolution, and subjective time distortion.
Madison K. M. Garland et al. “A Randomized Controlled Safety and Feasibility Trial of Floatation-REST in Anxious and Depressed Individuals.” PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (2023): e0286899.
Use for: safety, tolerability, repeated Floatation-REST, and caution against overclaiming.
Lashgari et al. “Floatation-REST Systematic Review.” 2025.
Use for: the broad current state of Floatation-REST research, including anxiety, pain, stress, sleep, well-being, and the need for stronger standardization and larger studies.
Michael T. H. Do. “Melanopsin and the Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells.” Neuron 104, no. 2 (2019): 205–226.
Use for: ipRGCs, melanopsin, non-image-forming vision, circadian entrainment, pupil response, sleep, and light as biological timing information.
Lorenzo Lazzerini Ospri, Glen Prusky, and Samer Hattar. “Mood, the Circadian System, and Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 40 (2017): 539–556.
Use for: light, mood, circadian rhythm, melanopsin, and the biological consequences of light exposure.
Charles A. Czeisler and related circadian medicine research.
Use for: artificial light, circadian disruption, melatonin suppression, shift work, and modern light exposure as a biological intervention.
Anne-Marie Chang, Daniel Aeschbach, Jeanne F. Duffy, and Charles A. Czeisler. “Evening Use of Light-Emitting eReaders Negatively Affects Sleep, Circadian Timing, and Next-Morning Alertness.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (2015): 1232–1237.
Use for: screens, evening light, melatonin suppression, delayed circadian timing, altered sleep, and modern light’s effect on the body.
A. Roger Ekirch. At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past. W. W. Norton, 2005.
Use for: premodern night, darkness before electric light, nocturnal fear, dreams, prayer, crime, labor, and the cultural history of darkness.
A. Roger Ekirch. “Sleep We Have Lost: Pre-Industrial Slumber in the British Isles.” The American Historical Review 106, no. 2 (2001): 343–386.
Use for: segmented sleep, first sleep and second sleep, night waking, dreams, prayer, and premodern sleep culture.
Craig Koslofsky. Evening’s Empire: A History of the Night in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Use for: early modern night culture, artificial lighting, urban night, public space, and the transformation of darkness.
Elisabeth Bronfen. Night Passages: Philosophy, Literature, and Film. Columbia University Press, 2013.
Use for: symbolic and cultural readings of night, dream, fear, darkness, passage, and the imagination.
Robert F. Taft. The Liturgy of the Hours in East and West: The Origins of the Divine Office and Its Meaning for Today. Liturgical Press, 1993.
Use for: night offices, vigils, prayer through darkness, sacred time, and Christian ritual use of night.
Bernard McGinn. The Foundations of Mysticism: Origins to the Fifth Century. Crossroad, 1991.
Use for: Christian mystical traditions, contemplative darkness, early mystical theology, and the development of mystical language.
Pseudo-Dionysius. The Complete Works. Translated by Colm Luibheid. Paulist Press, 1987.
Use for: divine darkness, apophatic theology, mystical unknowing, and darkness as a theological category.
John of the Cross. Dark Night of the Soul. Various editions.
Use carefully for: spiritual darkness, purification, absence, mystical trial, and transformation.
“The Neophyte Initiation Ritual.” Public Golden Dawn ritual material.
Use carefully for: hoodwink, darkness, “Light dawning in darkness,” staged revelation, and the candidate being brought from night into day.
Chögyal Namkhai Norbu. The Crystal and the Way of Light: Sutra, Tantra and Dzogchen. Routledge, 1986.
Use for: Dzogchen context, light, vision, and the broader framework around contemplative perception.
Christopher Hatchell. Naked Seeing: The Great Perfection, the Wheel of Time, and Visionary Buddhism in Renaissance Tibet. Oxford University Press, 2014.
Use for: visionary practice, Great Perfection, Tibetan contemplative contexts, and careful treatment of luminosity and appearance.
R. Shane Burns. “Dark Retreat in Tibetan Buddhist Practice.”
Use for: dark retreat, preparation, disciplined context, and the difference between contemplative practice and casual sensory deprivation.
Raymond Moody. Reunions: Visionary Encounters with Departed Loved Ones. Villard, 1993.
Use for: modern psychomanteum practice, grief, mirror-gazing, and encounters with the dead.
Arthur Hastings. “The Psychomanteum: A Modern Oracle of the Dead.”
Use for: psychomanteum procedure, grief, memory, mirror-gazing, and structured encounter.
Marcia K. Johnson, Shahin Hashtroudi, and D. Stephen Lindsay. “Source Monitoring.” Psychological Bulletin 114, no. 1 (1993): 3–28.
Use for: inside/outside ambiguity, origin judgments, memory, imagination, and how dark or altered environments complicate interpretation.
Shahar Arzy et al. “Induction of an Illusory Shadow Person.” Nature 443 (2006): 287.
Use for: sensed presence, body-self disruption, temporoparietal junction, and the feeling of another being nearby.
Olaf Blanke et al. “Neurological and Robot-Controlled Induction of an Apparition.” Current Biology 24, no. 22 (2014): 2681–2686.
Use for: sensorimotor conflict, apparition-like presence, body-boundary disturbance, and the embodied basis of sensed presence.
Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
Thank you and enjoy the episode!
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Here is the discount code OCCULT10
People can book through my website: www.rayathorne.com
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Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
Thank you and enjoy the episode!
Links For The Occult Rejects
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Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
Thank you and enjoy the episode!
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Full Bibliography
Adler, Yonatan. The Archaeology of Purity: Archaeological Evidence for the Observance of Ritual Purity in Ereẓ-Israel from the Hasmonean Period until the End of the Talmudic Era. PhD diss., Bar-Ilan University, 2011.
Adler, Yonatan. The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022.
Ambrose of Milan. On the Mysteries.
Ambrose of Milan. On the Sacraments.
Augustine of Hippo. On Baptism, Against the Donatists.
Augustine of Hippo. On the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins, and on the Baptism of Infants.
Bradshaw, Paul F. The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship: Sources and Methods for the Study of Early Liturgy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Bradshaw, Paul F., Maxwell E. Johnson, and L. Edward Phillips. The Apostolic Tradition: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002.
Cyril of Jerusalem. Catechetical Lectures.
Davies, J. G. The Architectural Setting of Baptism. London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1962.
Dölger, Franz Joseph. The Sun of Justice: The Christian Cult of the Sun and the Baptismal Orientation. Relevant for eastward prayer, solar symbolism, and baptismal orientation.
Ferguson, Everett. Baptism in the Early Church: History, Theology, and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009.
Finn, Thomas M. Early Christian Baptism and the Catechumenate: Italy, North Africa, and Egypt. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992.
Finn, Thomas M. Early Christian Baptism and the Catechumenate: West and East Syria. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1992.
Hippolytus. The Apostolic Tradition. Attribution debated, but still important for reconstructing early baptismal practice.
Jensen, Robin M. Baptismal Imagery in Early Christianity: Ritual, Visual, and Theological Dimensions. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2012.
Johnson, Maxwell E. The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation. 2nd ed. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2007.
Josephus. Jewish Antiquities, Book 18.
Justin Martyr. First Apology.
Kavanagh, Aidan. The Shape of Baptism: The Rite of Christian Initiation. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1978.
Kazen, Thomas. Studies on John the Baptist, ritual immersion, and purity in early Judaism.
Klawans, Jonathan. Impurity and Sin in Ancient Judaism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Klawans, Jonathan. Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Lawrence, Jonathan David. Washing in Water: Trajectories of Ritual Bathing in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006.
Lietzmann, Hans. Mass and Lord’s Supper: A Study in the History of the Liturgy. Relevant for early worship, initiation, and Eucharistic entry.
Meeks, Wayne A. The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.
Regev, Eyal. Studies on Qumran, ritual purity, and Jewish sectarian practice.
Riley, Hugh M. Christian Initiation: A Comparative Study of the Interpretation of the Baptismal Liturgy in the Mystagogical Writings of Cyril of Jerusalem, John Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia, and Ambrose of Milan. Catholic University of America Press, 1974.
Schmemann, Alexander. Of Water and the Spirit: A Liturgical Study of Baptism. St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1974.
Spinks, Bryan D. Early and Medieval Rituals and Theologies of Baptism: From the New Testament to the Council of Trent. Ashgate, 2006.
Spinks, Bryan D. Reformation and Modern Rituals and Theologies of Baptism: From Luther to Contemporary Practices. Ashgate, 2006.
Tertullian. On Baptism.
The Didache.
Turner, Victor. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Useful for liminality and rites of passage, though not baptism-specific.
Van Gennep, Arnold. The Rites of Passage. Useful for initiation structure, separation, liminality, and incorporation.
Whitaker, E. C. Documents of the Baptismal Liturgy. SPCK, 1970.
Yarnold, Edward. The Awe-Inspiring Rites of Initiation: Baptismal Homilies of the Fourth Century. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 1994.
Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A -
If you enjoy this episode, we’re sure you will enjoy more content like this on The Occult Rejects. In fact, we have curated playlists on occult topics like grimoires, esoteric concepts and phenomena, occult history, analyzing true crime and cults with an occult lens, Para politics, and occultism in music. Whether you enjoy consuming your content visually or via audio, we’ve got you covered - and it will always be provided free of charge. So, if you enjoy what we do and want to support our work of providing accessible, free content on various platforms, please consider making a donation to the links provided below.
Thank you and enjoy the episode!
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Also want to remind people about the website, if you're into reading we have tons of information by multiple contributors, and we got t-shirts up on the site if you're interested. Fun fact, the art is all based on the eyeball. A - Laat meer zien
