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    Robert Lawrence Kuhn is an American public intellectual and investment banker. He is also an author, television producer, columnist and commentator, especially on topics related to China. Kuhn is the creator of the PBS series ⁠ @CloserToTruthTV ⁠.View the Landscape of Consciousness Map ⁠here⁠.

    TIMESTAMPS:

    (00:00) The Landscape of Consciousness Map

    (16:32) Materialism

    (26:58) What Counts As Materialism?

    (45:12) The Difference Between Panpsychism and Materialism

    (49:36) What’s the Difference Between Panpsychism and Idealism?

    (58:12) Idealism and Monism

    (1:03:51) Do All These “Theories” Really Differ?

    (1:08:40) Dualism and Property Dualism

    (1:20:30) Are Psychedelic Experiences Significant?

    (1:32:02) The “Challenge” Category

    (1:42:36) Quantum Theories of Consciousness

    (1:47:57) Integrated Information Theory

    (2:01:53) Theological Approaches to Consciousness

    (2:15:33) How Theory of Mind Brings Us Together

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    John Sellars is a Reader in philosophy at Royal Holloway, University of London, a visiting Research Fellow at King's College London and a Member of Wolfson College, Oxford. His books include Lessons in Stoicism, The Fourfold Remedy, Aristotle and his work has been translated into over a dozen languages.

    Get John Sellars' books here.

    TIMESTAMPS:

    (0:00) What’s So Great About Aristotle?

    (03:06) Actuality and Potentiality

    (12:59) Forms: Aristotle vs Plato

    (20:02) The Four Causes

    (25:16) Evolution and Final Causation

    (29:40) Did Aristotle Believe In God?

    (32:38) The Unmoved Mover

    (38:58) The Soul (Is Not What You Might Think)

    (48:51) How Aristotle Invented Formal Logic

    (55:54) The Nicomachean Ethics

    (01:15:56) Ethics as Descriptive

    (01:21:04) Where To Start With Aristotle

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    Keith Frankish is a British philosopher specialising in philosophy of mind, philosophy of psychology, and philosophy of cognitive science.

    Read Keith's essay, "Illusionism as a theory of consciousness" (2016).

    Find Keith's website here.

    Keith Frankish and Philip Goff co-host a channel 'Mind Chat', where they debate panpsychism versus illusionism, and explore cutting-edge thought on consciousness: / @mindchat

    TIMESTAMPS:

    (0:00) Is Consciousness An Illusion?

    (4:02) Do We Have a Private World?

    (10:00) The Nature of Visual Experience

    (20:13) Is Awareness Behavioural?

    (28:17) Isn’t Introspection Itself a Private Experience?

    (33:04) Philosophical Zombies

    (43:05) What Motivates Illusionism?

    (50:02) Psychedelics and the Dissolution of the Self

    (59:23) Why Are Philosophers Always Categorising?

    (1:10:31) Does Alex’s Triangle Exist?

    (1:21:40) Is Pain Just a Reaction to Stimulus?

    (1:49:05) Is Pain an Emergent Phenomenon?

    (1:55:52) What Illusion Is Actually Happening?

    (1:59:07) Can AI Be Conscious?

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    @TommyEdisonXP is a blind YouTuber and radio presenter. He got his start online as the “Blind Film Critic”, reviewing movies despite being unable to see them, and thereby offering a unique angle on their storytelling.

    TIMESTAMPS:

    (0:00) Being a Blind YouTuber

    (2:03) How Do You Understand Blindness If You Are Blind From Birth?

    (4:26) Being Blind in School

    (7:20) Tommy’s Early Life

    (12:11) Has Life Become More Accessible For the Blind?

    (19:35) How Vision is Embedded in Our Language

    (21:35) How Does A Blind Person Watch A Movie?

    (25:40) What Does Tommy Know About Colour?

    (27:51) Mary’s Room

    (32:16) Can A Blind Person Play Video Games?

    (35:39) The Questions People Are Too Afraid to Ask

    (41:42) How Does A Blind Person Understand Attractiveness?

    (44:27) What Can We Make More Accessible?

    (48:24) Why Electric Cars Aren’t Best For Everyone

    (51:33) Is Offering Help Patronising?

    (54:35) What Can Tommy Do That People Think He Can’t?

    (58:32) Why Tommy Chooses Joy

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    Simon Critchley is a British philosopher, author and professor at The New School in New York. He is best known for his work on existentialism, mysticism, ethics and continental philosophy, and is the author of books including The Book of Dead Philosophers, Faith of the Faithless and Mysticism. Get Simon's book Mysticism ⁠here⁠.

    TIMESTAMPS:

    (7:52) What is Mysticism?

    (18:58) Unification With the Divine

    (29:58) Mysticism and the Self

    (40:38) Why Are So Many Mystics Women?

    (48:41) The Limits of Language

    (59:54) Was Pascal a Mystic?

    (01:03:21) Where Does Simon Stand on Mysticism?

    (01:11:22) Where Should We Start With Learning About Mysticism?

    (01:15:36) Imagery in Simon’s Book

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    Adam Neely is an American bassist, YouTuber, and jazz musician based in New York City. His YouTube content includes Q&A videos, vlogs about performing music, and video essays about online music culture. As a musician, he performs with groups including the electro-jazz duo Sungazer and the instrumental band Aberdeen.Watch Adam's video on Suno here.

    TIMESTAMPS:

    (0:00) Music and Philosophy(5:17) Can You Cheat in Music?(9:07) What is Suno?(25:20) Can You Use AI Musically?(32:21) Is AI Just the New Sampling?(38:40) AI and Inclusivity(46:21) Is Music Becoming Narcissistic?(57:26) Does Great Art Require Ego?(01:07:04) Are AI Music Tools Inevitable?(01:22:55) How Would Adam Improve Suno?(01:35:44) Are We Removing the Humanity From Music?(01:44:18) Is Jazz the Blueprint?

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    Jonny Thomson is a philosopher and the founder of ⁠PhilosophyMinis ⁠. He is on the Executive Board for the British Philosophy Association and is a staff writer at Big Think.Get Jonny's upcoming book, ⁠The Art of Enough: The Ancient Epicurean Philosophy of Finding – and Keeping – Happiness⁠

    TIMESTAMPS:

    (00:00) Are Epicureans Selfish?

    (05:30) Why Epicureanism?

    (10:31) Who Was Epicurus?

    (16:42) Godless But Not Atheistic

    (23:21) Epicurus’ Metaphysics

    (27:24) Why Focus on Pleasure?

    (35:29) Epicureanism vs Utilitarianism

    (48:59) What About Immoral Pleasures?

    (53:02) Could AI be Epicurean?

    (01:00:50) The Experience Machine

    (01:10:59) Why Epicurus Didn’t Like Sex

    (01:16:21) Are Influencers Watering Down Ancient Philosophy?

    (01:20:06) Are You In Control of Your Happiness?

    (01:26:33) Epicureanism vs Stoicism

    (01:32:36) Epicurus on Death

    (01:36:42) Do We Have a Happiness Crisis?

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    Nate Soares is an American artificial intelligence author and researcher known for his work on existential risk from AI. In 2014, Soares co-authored a paper that introduced the term AI alignment, the challenge of making increasingly capable AI’s behave as intended. Nate is the president of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, a research nonprofit based in Berkeley, California.

    Get the book, ⁠If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies: Why Superhuman AI Would Kill Us All⁠.

    TIMESTAMPS:

    (00:00) Is This an Exaggeration?

    (04:31) What Is Unique About the Threat of AI?

    (11:28) What is Superintelligence?

    (21:25) From Chess Computers to Murderous Machines

    (27:52) What Really Drives AI Systems?

    (44:29) Evidence AI Is Already Turning Against Us

    (56:03) How We Are Helping AI Take Over

    (01:01:21) Why Would AI Seek Power or Control?

    (01:07:42) Some Worst-Case AI Scenarios

    (01:18:38) What Do We Do About This Now?

    (01:32:53) How Has AI Changed in the Last Six Months?

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    Anil Seth is a British neuroscientist and professor of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience at the University of Sussex. A proponent of materialist explanations of consciousness, he is currently amongst the most cited scholars on the topics of neuroscience and cognitive science globally. Read Anil's essay, ⁠"The Mythology of Conscious AI"⁠.

    TIMESTAMPS

    (00:00) The Difference Between Intelligence and Consciousness

    (03:55) What’s Stopping the Replication of Consciousness in AI?

    (17:01) Can You Separate What the Brain Is From What It Does?

    (22:20) Is Conscious Experience Just Predictions From the Brain?

    (26:48) Why Do We Project Consciousness Onto LLMs?

    (37:27) Can Consciousness Exist Without a Body?

    (42:25) Why We Liken the Brain to a Computer

    (52:11) Is There An Evolutionary Reason For Consciousness?

    (56:29) Studying Unconscious Perception?

    (1:01:21) Is Consciousness Unified? Split-Brain Patients

    (1:15:10) Attention and Consciousness

    (1:19:04) What Would a Conscious Chatbot Even Look Like?

    (1:25:13) Consciousness as a Controlled Hallucination

    (1:34:19) Do Scientists Actually Study “Consciousness” At All?

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    John Lennox is a Northern Irish mathematician, bioethicist, and Christian apologist originally from Northern Ireland. He has written many books on religion, ethics, the relationship between science and God, and has had public debates with atheists including Richard Dawkins and Christopher Hitchens.

    Exclusive discount: Listeners to my show can get 30% Off John Lennox’s autobiography, My Story when shopping directly from his publishers. Visit https://spckpublishing.co.uk/my-story and enter AOC30 at checkout to get 30% off.

    TIMESTAMPS

    (00:00) How Pressure Can Produce the Best Work
    (02:29) Does the Incarnation Make Sense?
    (06:22) John’s Richard Dawkins Debate
    (14:39) What Did the New Atheists Get Wrong About God?
    (26:21) Science Cannot Explain Everything
    (31:22) What Did the New Atheists Get Right?
    (35:18) Why Does God Hide From So Many People?
    (44:36) Why Does God Allow Arbitrary Suffering?
    (56:25) Is Faith “Belief Without Evidence”?
    (1:00:33) How Could God Punish a Mere Lack of Faith?
    (1:08:14) How Christopher Hitchens Agreed with Jesus
    (1:13:03) Does Christianity Cause Evil?

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    Galen Strawson is a British analytic philosopher and literary critic who works primarily on philosophy of mind, metaphysics, John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche.

    TIMESTAMPS

    (00:00) Is Radical Emergence Possible?

    (08:15) Can Physics Describe Consciousness?

    (12:01) Is Everything Made of Consciousness?

    (18:34) Why Are People Resistant to Panpsychism?

    (21:19) Can Experience Alone Tell Us What Consciousness Is?

    (23:50) Does Consciousness Require Complexity?

    (29:03) Panpsychism vs Idealism: What’s the Difference?

    (36:08) The Combination Problem

    (40:03) What is the “Self”?

    (43:16) Do We Even Need to Explain Consciousness?

    (48:25) Is Consciousness a Scientific or Philosophical Question?

    (53:25) Is It Possible for AI to Become Conscious?

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    Philip Pullman is one of England's most cherished and celebrated writers. Author of the popular His Dark Materials series of books (later adapted into a film, The Golden Compass (2007), and a 2019 HBO/BBC drama series), his novels are dripping with philosophical and religious themes. Get Philip Pullman's Books ⁠here⁠.

    TIMESTAMPS

    (0:00) C.S. Lewis Tells Filthy Lies

    (5:12) Childhood Innocence is Overrated

    (10:09) Religion in Philip’s Novels

    (21:26) How to Improve the Story of Jesus and the Gospels

    (27:43) The Connection Between Music and Fiction

    (36:24) Books vs Movies

    (43:38) Consciousness in The Book of Dust

    (50:05) Should Novelists Go Back and Update Their Books?

    (56:11) The Omniscient Narrator

    (1:00:12) How Movies Changed Novels

    (1:05:49) Why Subtitles Are So Popular Now

    (1:10:56) The Role of Philosophy in Philip’s Novels

    (1:13:27) Philip’s Writing Process

    (1:20:11) The Fear of AI in Creative Industries

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    Graham Tomlin is a British theologian, author and former Church of England bishop. Get Graham's book, ⁠Blaise Pascal: The Man Who Made the Modern World⁠. Graham's organisation, ⁠Seen and Unseen⁠.

    TIMESTAMPS

    (00:00) Can Blaise Pascal Be Categorised?

    (03:05) Who Was Blaise Pascal?

    (11:12) Pascal’s First Conversion

    (17:19) Pascal’s “Night of Fire”

    (21:59) Did Pascal Reject Reason?

    (31:45) Pascal’s War With Descartes

    (42:31) Did Pascal Invent the Bus?

    (45:42) The Heart Has Its Reasons, Of Which Reason Knows Nothing

    (50:03) How Pascal Invented Probability Theory

    (52:29) Pascal’s Wager

    (1:15:35) The Pensées

    (1:18:30) Pascal’s “Two Minds”

    (1:22:39) The Importance of Boredom

    (1:26:58) Why Should Atheists Read Pascal?

    (1:31:34) What Would Graham Ask Pascal?

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    Thomas Metzinger is a German philosopher and Professor Emeritus of theoretical philosophy at the University of Mainz. His primary research areas include philosophy of mind, philosophy of neuroscience, and applied ethics, particularly focusing on neurotechnology, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence.

    Get The Elephant and the Blind: The Experience of Pure Consciousness: Philosophy, Science, and 500+ Experiential Reports

    TIMESTAMPS

    (0:00) The Minimal Phenomenal Experience Project
    (11:34) Is MPE New Age Meditation?
    (17:07) Collecting Reports of Pure Consciousness
    (25:48) Lucid Deep Sleep - Thomas’ Experience
    (32:19) Does Consciousness Require Complexity?
    (39:29) The Power of Meditation
    (45:32) Is Meditation Always a Positive Experience?
    (53:13) Is a MPE Actually an Experience?
    (01:11:21) Your Brain is Not Telling You the Truth
    (01:20:08) Analysing Minimal Conscious Experiences
    (01:27:26) Is Meditative Enlightenment Unethical?
    (01:32:37) Western Ignorance of Eastern Tradition
    (01:40:13) “Coming Home”
    (01:44:29) The Political Implications of MPE
    (01:52:40) Should Ketamine Be Legalised?

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    Matthew Cobb is a British zoologist and Emeritus professor of zoology at the University of Manchester.

    Get his book, ⁠The Idea of the Brain: A History⁠, Closer to Truth's Map of Consciousness: ⁠loc.closertotruth.com/map⁠.

    TIMESTAMPS

    (0:00) The Minimal Phenomenal Experience Project

    (11:34) Is MPE New Age Meditation?

    (17:07) Collecting Reports of Pure Consciousness

    (25:48) Lucid Deep Sleep - Thomas’ Experience

    (32:19) Does Consciousness Require Complexity?

    (39:29) The Power of Meditation

    (45:32) Is Meditation Always a Positive Experience?

    (53:13) Is a MPE Actually an Experience?

    (01:11:21) Your Brain is Not Telling You the Truth

    (01:20:08) Analysing Minimal Conscious Experiences

    (01:27:26) Is Meditative Enlightenment Unethical?

    (01:32:37) Western Ignorance of Eastern Tradition

    (01:40:13) “Coming Home”

    (01:44:29) The Political Implications of MPE

    (01:52:40) Should Ketamine Be Legalised?

    CONNECT

    My Website: ⁠https://www.alexoconnor.com⁠

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    Adam Aleksic, known online as Etymology Nerd, is an American linguist and content creator who produces videos exploring the origins of words. He began exploring word origins in 2016 through his blog. Aleksic studied at Harvard University, where he gained attention for his educational TikTok videos on linguistics and language in 2023. In 2025, he published Algospeak: How Social Media Is Transforming the Future of Language.

    Buy "Algospeak: How Social Media Is Transforming the Future of Language": https://amzn.to/3NcOLpw

    TIMESTAMPS

    (0:00) Will Social Media End Local Languages?
    (7:49) Why Does Language Change?
    (15:11) What Is Algospeak?
    (22:33) We Worship Our Phones
    (27:36) Upcoming Slang to Invest In
    (33:26) Online Slang That Never Quite Caught On
    (38:48) Introducing Adam to British Slang
    (47:13) The Origins of Language
    (57:22) Punctuation in Text Messaging
    (1:06:24) The Latin Mass and Hocus Pocus
    (1:13:44) The Message of Algospeak

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    Sam Harris is a neuroscientist, philosopher, New York Times best-selling author, host of the Making Sense podcast, and creator of the Waking Up meditation app.

    Buy the Waking Up book here.

    TIMESTAMPS

    (00:00) Tour
    (00:32) Is ‘Spirituality’ a Dirty Word?
    (04:26) Why Take Reflective Knowledge Seriously?
    (29:11) What Is the Self?
    (47:04) Why Are There Distinct Selves?
    (1:01:22) The Two Hemispheres of the Brain
    (1:06:47) The Problem of Emergence
    (1:18:41) What’s the Minimal Amount of Consciousness?
    (1:34:09) Is AI Lying to Us About Consciousness?
    (1:39:15) What Is the Present?

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    Swami Sarvapriyananda is a Hindu monk belonging to the Ramakrishna Order. He is the current resident Swami and Minister in Charge, of the Vedanta Society of New York.

    TIMESTAMPS:

    (00:00) Tour
    (00:32) An Intro to Hinduism and Advaita Vedanta
    (14:31) What Are the Upanishads
    (22:08) Where Do the Vedas (Scripture) Come From?
    (29:02) What Does “Upanishad” Mean?
    (34:36) What Do the Upanishads Teach Us?
    (47:07) What Is Brahman, or Ultimate Existence?
    (1:02:52) What Is the True Nature of Consciousness?
    (1:08:15) Non-Dualism in Advaita Vedanta
    (1:18:34) Why Isn’t There Just One Big Consciousness?
    (1:29:06) What Is the Self?
    (1:36:30) Are Brahman and Atman the Same Thing?
    (1:45:25) What Does ‘God’ Mean in Hinduism?
    (1:49:07) Does Hinduism Believe Other Religions Are Incorrect?

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    Joe Schmid is a PhD student in philosophy at Princeton University and creator of the Majesty of Reason YouTube channel. He graduated with a B.A. in philosophy from Purdue University in 2022. He has published articles in metaphysics, philosophy of religion, and philosophy of time, and the author of books including "Existential Inertia and Classical Theistic Proofs".

    Felipe Leon’s 200 arguments for atheism: https://exapologist.blogspot.com/2023/03/200-or-so-arguments-for-atheism.html

    TIMESTAMPS

    (00:00) Tour
    (00:32) Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence
    (07:50) There Is No Evidence for God
    (25:27) Who Created God?
    (49:44) Science Flies You to the Moon, Religion Flies You into Buildings
    (01:02:33) Your Location Determines Your Religion
    (01:28:33) Claims Are Not Evidence
    (01:32:50) You Can’t Prove a Negative
    (01:38:35) What Can Be Asserted Without Evidence Can Be Dismissed Without Evidence
    (01:43:51) Faith Is Belief Without Evidence
    (01:54:59) Religion Makes Good People Do Bad Things
    (01:55:32) Absence of Evidence Is Evidence of Absence
    (01:56:31) Theism Is Unfalsifiable
    (02:01:03) Science Books Would Come Back, Religions Would Not
    (02:12:58) Evolution Disproves God

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    John Sellars is a Reader in philosophy at Royal Holloway, University of London, a visiting Research Fellow at King's College London and a Member of Wolfson College, Oxford. His books include Lessons in Stoicism, The Fourfold Remedy, Aristotle and his work has been translated into over a dozen languages.

    TIMESTAMPS

    (00:00) Tour
    (00:32) Did Socrates Found Stoicism?
    (08:03) The Three Eras of Stoicism
    (17:50) Stoic Logic
    (26:19) Empiricism: How the Stoics Got Knowledge
    (34:33) Materialism: Only Physical Things Exist
    (43:00) How Reason Fundamentally Animates the Universe
    (48:43) Did the Stoics Believe in God?
    (59:37) Do the Stoics Contradict Themselves?
    (01:08:17) Stoic Ethics
    (01:24:24) How Did the Stoics Deal With Evil?
    (01:36:32) Can You Choose Your Outcome If Everything Is Determined?

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